The evolvement of online platforms over the past decade has profoundly impacted consumers and business owners by facilitating and enhancing the intermediation and interaction between them. This... Show moreThe evolvement of online platforms over the past decade has profoundly impacted consumers and business owners by facilitating and enhancing the intermediation and interaction between them. This allowed online platforms to continuously evolve as key players in the digital market. It was, however, not long before concerns were raised as to whether this process is unfolding in accordance with EU antitrust law and if not, whether EU antitrust law enforcement is feasible in light of the distinguishing multisided character of online platforms.This book consists of a compilation of articles that address some of the main elements of the application process of EU antitrust law to online platforms, with particular focus on art. 102 TFEU. It provides an overview of the various legal hurdles that need to be overcome in the process of enforcement with regard to such players and offers potential solutions for overcoming them. In this process, the interplay between the material and procedural boundaries of the current EU antitrust law framework and the distinguishing multisided nature of online platforms is extensively explored. The research and findings covered in this book are of value for academics and practitioners working in the field of (EU) antitrust law. Show less
The overall aim of this chapter is to address the challenges that Asia and Europe face in digital connectivity in the field of taxation and to facilitate the exchange of best practices in the... Show moreThe overall aim of this chapter is to address the challenges that Asia and Europe face in digital connectivity in the field of taxation and to facilitate the exchange of best practices in the framework of Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) connectivity and cooperation. Show less
The Information Age has created a new concept of money – virtual currencies existing solely in the cyberspace in the form of intangible computer code. The most prominent virtual currency scheme,... Show moreThe Information Age has created a new concept of money – virtual currencies existing solely in the cyberspace in the form of intangible computer code. The most prominent virtual currency scheme, Bitcoin, grabbed the public attention as its value skyrocketed at the beginning of 2012. Whereas Bitcoin has many proper ties that could make it an ideal currency for mainstream consumers and merchants, its main drawback is lack of clarity regarding its legal status and tax treatment. The European Central Bank predicts that the use of virtual currencies will increase in the future. Therefore, it is important both tax authorities and taxpayers are prepared to deal with those currencies and to incorporate them into the existing legal framework. This book describes the phenomenon and nature of virtual currencies, and provides a detailed analysis of tax implications that result from trade in, and mining of, virtual currencies. It seeks to answer three questions: (1) how virtual currency should be taxed; (2) how it is actually treated under income and indirect tax laws of selected countries; and (3) how the current situation can be improved. Show less
