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Pak, H.J. 2024

Taking up space: waste and waste labor in developing South Korea

Doctoral Thesis

open access

“Taking Up Space: Waste and Waste Labor in Developing South Korea” examines South Korean development experiences through the remnants of its industrialization and modernization processes, including... Show more“Taking Up Space: Waste and Waste Labor in Developing South Korea” examines South Korean development experiences through the remnants of its industrialization and modernization processes, including material waste, excess labor, or surplus population. I juxtapose the history of informal waste pickers with the transformation of waste management and the reconfiguration of its labor during the period from the 1960s to the early 1990s. By connecting the material, social, and symbolic dimensions of waste, I demonstrate how waste shaped their stigma and social position, degraded the urban environment as much as it deteriorated their living and working conditions, and brought social and environmental forces that further drove their marginalization. The case studies—waste picker camps and Seoul’s Nanjido Landfill—illustrate how concepts such as informality, precarity, and societal marginalization have been historically mediated and grounded in individuals’ lives during the country’s compressed development process.This study demonstrates how the production of marginalized populations and the disregard for their labor practices served to consolidate the developing nation-state and its middle-class citizens. It argues that the informal labor at the urban periphery was instrumental in the development process and should be recognized as legitimate labor rather than mere subsistence activities. Waste pickers not only served as agents of development but also as a precedent for precarious workers in modern Korea. The prevalence of waste pickers in contemporary South Korea indicates a diachronic implication of this dissertation, as their labor remains crucial for urban conditions while simultaneously establishing an urban form of precarity. Show less

Dobbelaar, S. 2023

Helping me, helping you: behavioral and neural development of social competence from childhood to adolescence

Doctoral Thesis

open access

Why do some children easily find their way in social situations and are satisfied with their social lives, while others experience more difficulties? One key component that may explain this is... Show moreWhy do some children easily find their way in social situations and are satisfied with their social lives, while others experience more difficulties? One key component that may explain this is social competence: the ability to fulfill both own and other’s social goals. This thesis focused on individual differences in social competence from childhood to adolescence by examining contextual, developmental and neurobiological influences on aggressive and prosocial responses to social evaluation. Findings showed robust neural processes related to social feedback and subsequent aggression already in middle childhood. Additionally, this thesis revealed that the period between childhood and adolescence is important for the behavioral and neural development of inhibition of aggression following negative, neutral and positive social feedback. Aggression following social feedback decreased towards adolescence, but aggression following positive feedback decreased earlier in childhood than following negative feedback. Moreover, the involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, known for its role in executive functioning, decreased over time. Finally, results indicated that the co-occurrence of aggression following rejection and prosocial behavior following observed rejection may possibly protect against externalizing behaviors and promote wellbeing. This thesis highlights the importance of examining the interplay of developmental processes across social contexts to understand mental health outcomes. Show less

Palix, J.; Habersaat, S.; Boonmann, C.; Nauta-Jansen, L.; Schmeck, K.; Fegert, J.M.; ... ; Urben, S. 2023

Examining the relationship between resting heart rate and callous-unemotional traits in juvenile delinquency

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Purpose: Both the resting heart rate (RHR) and the callous-unemotional (CU) traits have been associated with juvenile delinquency, however the effect of their interaction is not yet clear.Methods:... Show morePurpose: Both the resting heart rate (RHR) and the callous-unemotional (CU) traits have been associated with juvenile delinquency, however the effect of their interaction is not yet clear.Methods: Four hundred and twenty-three institutionalized adolescents divided into early adolescents (10-14 years, n = 133), late adolescents (15-17 years, n = 286), and young adults (18-22 years, n = 136) participated in the study. RHR was measured using a wristband, and CU traits and delinquency history were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Moderation analysis was performed to understand how the combination between RHR and CU is associated to offending.Results: CU traits were associated with offending at all ages. The interactions between RHR and CU traits were significantly related to the likelihood of offending in the early and the late adolescent. The highest likelihood of offending is related to high CU traits combined with low RHR in early adolescents and with high RHR in late adolescents.Conclusions: These findings provide further insight in the relationship between psychopathic traits and bio-physiological maturation in explaining juvenile delinquency. Show less

Stathopoulos, A. 2023

Rising for whom?

Article / Letter to editor

open access

The increase of African per capita growth figures led international organisations, the media and pundits to proclaim that the rise of Africa is inevitable, as the result of novel policies and an... Show moreThe increase of African per capita growth figures led international organisations, the media and pundits to proclaim that the rise of Africa is inevitable, as the result of novel policies and an improved environment in the continent. Ian Taylor, in his article ‘Is Africa rising?’, is questioning the arguments on which this narrative is based. The present piece seeks to discuss the main contributions of Taylor’s article and show how it has influenced debates on the topic. Show less

Diedrich, A.; Duce, S.; Eriksson, H.; Govan, H.; Harohau, D.; Koczberski, G.; ... ; Troell, M. 2022

An applied research agenda for navigating diverse livelihood challenges in rural coastal communities in the tropics

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Rural, tropical coastal communities are experiencing sustained, often increasing food insecurity, poverty, and global change impacts. These challenges have stimulated a rise in projects aiming to... Show moreRural, tropical coastal communities are experiencing sustained, often increasing food insecurity, poverty, and global change impacts. These challenges have stimulated a rise in projects aiming to enhance and diversify local livelihoods. The ability of these projects to achieve broad-scale benefits is limited by approaches that do not account for feedbacks among sectors and across marine and terrestrial environments. To address these limitations, we present an applied research agenda to support an integrated approach to livelihood project planning and management. This agenda explicitly examines interactions among natural resources, industries, and livelihoods and is based on three foundational activities: (1) a governance review and assessment, (2) strategic partnership formation, and (3) a diagnostic approach supported by science and shared outcomes. We add structure to the established logic in our field by broadening the sectoral and spatial scope of livelihoods projects, so they can better contribute to interrelated UN Sustainable Development Goals. Show less

Maurice-Stam, H.; Erp, L.M.E. van; Maas, A.; Oers, H.A. van; Kremer, L.C.M.; Dulmen-den Broeder, E. van; ... ; Dutch LATER Study Grp 2022

Psychosocial developmental milestones of young adult survivors of childhood cancer

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Purpose The study aimed to compare the psychosocial development of young adult survivors of childhood cancer (YACCS) with a norm group of young adults from the general population. Methods From 2017... Show morePurpose The study aimed to compare the psychosocial development of young adult survivors of childhood cancer (YACCS) with a norm group of young adults from the general population. Methods From 2017 to 2020, 558 YACCS (18-30 years, 51% female, 10.9% CNS cancer) who participated in the Dutch Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (DCCSS) LATER cohort (diagnosed 1963-2001) part 2 completed the Course of Life Questionnaire (CoLQ), assessing the achievement of milestones. Items were grouped into the scales autonomy, psychosexual, and social development. Differences between YACCS and norm group were examined with ANOVA and Cohen's d (CoLQ scales) and with logistic regression analysis and odds ratio (OR) (CoLQ items), for the total group and YACCS of CNS cancer. Results The total group of YACCS did not report a less favorable psychosocial development than the norm group. YACCS of CNS cancer scored lower than the norm group (p < 0.001) on the scales autonomy (d = - 0.36) and psychosexual (d = - 0.46). Additionally, on half of the items of autonomy (0.25 <= OR <= 0.34), psychosexual (0.30 <= OR <= 0.48), and social (0.23 <= OR <= 0.47) development, YACCS of CNS cancer were less likely (p < 0.01) than the norm group to have achieved the milestones. Conclusion Overall, psychosocial development of YACCS was as favorable as the norm, but YACCS of CNS cancer were at risk of an unfavorable psychosocial development in all domains. Monitoring psychosocial development should be included in the standards of psychosocial care, especially for CNS cancer patients and survivors, to be able to trace delay. Personalized interventions should be offered to improve the psychosocial development in an early stage. Show less

Westhoff, B. 2022

Learning together: behavioral, computational, and neural mechanisms underlying social learning in adolescence

Doctoral Thesis

open access

The overarching goal of this thesis was to examine the behavioral, computational, and neural mechanisms underlying social learning in adolescence. The first aim was to examine developmental... Show moreThe overarching goal of this thesis was to examine the behavioral, computational, and neural mechanisms underlying social learning in adolescence. The first aim was to examine developmental patterns across adolescence of two forms of social learning: (1) learning about other people, specifically, whether they are (un)cooperative and (un)trustworthy, and (2) learning for other people (prosocial learning) to know what actions may benefit or help others. I made use of multiple experimental paradigms based on well-known economic games and/or probabilistic reinforcement learning paradigms to assess these forms of social learning. Secondly, I aimed to examine underlying mechanisms and factors that account for age-related and individual differences in social learning. Applying computational modeling and functional neuroimaging as additional tools contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and how these develop across adolescence. The findings in this thesis converge to early-to-mid adolescence as a key developmental period for developing well-adjusted social behaviors, and especially in the cooperative domain there are pronounced improvements. These studies make an important contribution to the literature on social development and learning, and may eventually contribute to interventions targeted at promoting well-adjusted behavior in typically developing adolescents, as well as youth with maladaptive social tendencies. Show less

Dellar, M.E.; Boerlijst, S.P.; Holmes, D.S.T. 2022

Improving estimations of life history parameters of small animals in mesocosm experiments: a case study on mosquitoes

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Mesocosm experiments enable researchers to study animal dynamics, but determining accurate estimates of survival and development rates of different life stages can be difficult, especially as the...

Mesocosm experiments enable researchers to study animal dynamics, but determining accurate estimates of survival and development rates of different life stages can be difficult, especially as the subjects may be hard to sample and mortality rates can be high. We propose a new methodology for estimating such parameters.
We used an experimental set-up with 48 aquatic mesocosms, each with 20 first instar mosquito larvae and under 1 of 12 treatments with varying temperatures and nutrient concentrations. We took daily subsamples of the aquatic life stages as well as counting the emerging adults. We developed a method to estimate the survival and development probabilities at each life stage, based on optimising a matrix population model. We used two different approaches, one assuming the difference between predictions and observations was normally distributed, and the other using a combination of a normal and a multinomial distribution. For each approach, the resulting optimisation problem had around 100 parameters, making conventional gradient descent ineffective with our limited number of data points. We solved this by computing the formal derivatives of our matrix model.
Both approaches proved effective in predicting mosquito populations over time, also when compared against a separate validation dataset, and the two approaches produced similar results. They also both predicted similar trends in the survival and development probabilities for each life stage, although there were some differences in the actual values. The approach which only used the normal distribution was considerably more computationally efficient than the mixed distribution approach.
This is an effective approach for determining the survival and development rates of small animals in mesocosm experiments. We have not found any other reliable methodology for estimating these parameters, especially not from incomplete data or when there are many different experimental treatments. This methodology enables researchers to gain a much more detailed understanding of the life cycles of small animals, potentially leading to advances in a wide range of areas, for example in mosquito-borne disease risk or in considering the effects of biodiversity loss or climate change on different species.

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Balazadeh, S. 2022

A ‘hot’ cocktail: the multiple layers of thermomemory in plants

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Heat stress (HS) caused by above-optimal temperatures adversely affects plants’ growth and development and diminishes crop yields. In natural and agricultural environments, these stresses are often... Show moreHeat stress (HS) caused by above-optimal temperatures adversely affects plants’ growth and development and diminishes crop yields. In natural and agricultural environments, these stresses are often transient but recurrent and may progressively increase in severity over time. In addition to the inherent ability to cope with a single HS event, plants have evolved mechanisms that enhance their capacity to survive and reproduce under such conditions. This involves the establishment of a molecular ‘thermomemory’ after moderate HS that allows them to withstand a later — and possibly more extreme — HS event. Here, I summarize the current understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying thermomemory across multiple cellular levels and discuss aspects that require further attention. Show less

Li, B. 2021

Understanding, expressing, and interacting: the development of emotional functioning in young children with autism

Doctoral Thesis

open access

This thesis investigated the development of emotional functioning in 2-to-6-year-old children with and without autism. Whereas autistic children experienced more challenges in the emotional domain,... Show moreThis thesis investigated the development of emotional functioning in 2-to-6-year-old children with and without autism. Whereas autistic children experienced more challenges in the emotional domain, their emotional abilities improved with age, and developed in similar ways as observed in non-autistic children. On the one hand, this thesis showed that autistic children might deal with emotions in a different way, and they might experience various difficulties when communicating emotions with non-autistic people. One the other hand, it is important to note that the difficulties could be bidirectional. As stated by the “double empathy problem”, non-autistic people may experience the same difficulties when communicating with autistic people. This could be a meaningful direction for future research, investigating emotional communication as a two-way interaction rather than focusing only on how people with autism react to people without autism. Furthermore, this thesis showed that autistic children had the potential to learn and to develop in the emotional domain. Again, this points to the importance of investigating how to create an inclusive social environment, which is not only nurturing for children without autism, but can also benefit the development of children with autism and with other special needs. Show less

Liu, Q. 2021

Bearing with noise: the effects of highway noise on behaviour and development in zebra finches

Doctoral Thesis

open access

Anthropogenic noise negatively affects wildlife in a wide range of taxonomic groups. Especially for birds, a substantial number of observational studies have now shown negative associations between... Show moreAnthropogenic noise negatively affects wildlife in a wide range of taxonomic groups. Especially for birds, a substantial number of observational studies have now shown negative associations between noise pollution and abundance and diversity along roadsides. Researchers investigating birds’ behavioural responses to high level noise to date have mostly focused on the immediate adjustment of vocal signalling behaviour. However, there is more than one mechanism by which birds might cope with increasing noise levels. They may show immediate behavioural reactions, such as spatial avoidance and/or vocal adjustment, but also more ontogenetic adjustments with long-term consequences like changes in sensory and personality traits. To test these potential effects of traffic noise on birds, I conducted a series of experiments using zebra finches. I have demonstrated that traffic noise per se can contribute to spatial avoidance in birds and cause variation in parental behaviour, and that there can be changes in noise avoidance behaviour in the course of a lifetime. These results provide new insights into the potential impacts of noise on birds. Show less

Suryani, A.J. 2021

From respected hermits to ordinary citizens: The conversion of the Baduy, ethnicity, and politics of religion in Indonesia (1977 - 2019)

Doctoral Thesis

open access

This dissertation is about the Baduy, an adat community in Banten Province, Indonesia. It argues that the conversion of the Baduy was influenced by their self-concept, which requires them to detach... Show moreThis dissertation is about the Baduy, an adat community in Banten Province, Indonesia. It argues that the conversion of the Baduy was influenced by their self-concept, which requires them to detach from modernity and development, the limited size of their land, and the increase of the population. This process of conversion was supported by the politics of religion, which differentiates local beliefs (kepercayaan) from state-recognised religions (agama) where adhering to a local belief was considered irreligious (tidak/ belum beragama) and backward. To make the adherents of local beliefs religious, the government allows followers of major religions to invite the adherents of local beliefs into their faith. Furthermore, to develop the adherents of local beliefs, the government created development policies, in particular a resettlement programme. The programme aimed at Baduy society began in 1977 and lasted until 1999. Besides developing the adat communities, this programme was also aimed at changing their beliefs so that they aligned themselves with “monotheistic views”. The fact that Muslim and Christian missionaries were targeting the same group of people caused tension, contestation, and even violence. Confronted with this situation, the adherents of local beliefs fought back and resisted the policies in various ways. Show less

Dishoeck, E.F. van 2021

The IAU and education: introduction

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Beier, R.; Strava, C. 2020

Losing or gaining home? Experiences of resettlement from Casablanca’s slums

Part of book or chapter of book

open access

Stoelinga, F. 2020

Albert Winsemius: De Nederlander achter de BV Singapore

Doctoral Thesis

open access

Between 1960 and 1983 the Dutch economist Dr. Albert Winsemius (1910-1996) was the most influential economic adviser to the government of Singapore and one of the leading architects of Singapore’s... Show moreBetween 1960 and 1983 the Dutch economist Dr. Albert Winsemius (1910-1996) was the most influential economic adviser to the government of Singapore and one of the leading architects of Singapore’s highly successful development model. Winsemius' beliefs and recommendations chimed with the views of Singapore’s first-generation postcolonial political leaders and quickly grew in popular appeal once they started yielding impressive economic results. Winsemius’ uncompromising hostility to communism, and at the same time his sympathy toward moderate trade unionism, were of particular importance here.This research identifies strategies and policies that contributed to Singapore's development, and that can be traced to Albert Winsemius as a historical principal. It concludes that in essence, many of these successful strategies and policies were based on Winsemius’ experiences in his earlier life and career: the economic reconstruction in the Netherlands in the years after World War Two, in which he played a key role, his empathy toward the United States and the American way of life, his contacts with other right-wing governments, and his involvement during the Cold War in the production of arms. Show less

Peterson, J.C.; Wisse, L.J.; Wirokromo, V.; Herwaarden, T. van; Smits, A.M.; Groot, A.C.G.; ... ; DeRuiter, M.C. 2020

Disturbed nitric oxide signalling gives rise to congenital bicuspid aortic valve and aortopathy

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Patients with a congenital bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), a valve with two instead of three aortic leaflets, have an increased risk of developing thoracic aneurysms and aortic dissection. The... Show morePatients with a congenital bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), a valve with two instead of three aortic leaflets, have an increased risk of developing thoracic aneurysms and aortic dissection. The mechanisms underlying BAV-associated aortopathy are poorly understood. This study examined BAV-associated aortopathy in Nos3(-/-) mice, a model with congenital BAV formation. A combination of histological examination and in vivo ultrasound imaging was used to investigate aortic dilation and dissections in Nos3(-/-) mice. Moreover, cell lineage analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing were used to observe the molecular anomalies within vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of Nos3(-/-) mice. Spontaneous aortic dissections were found in ascending aortas located at the sinotubular junction in similar to 13% of Nos3(-/-) mice. Moreover, Nos3(-/-) mice were prone to developing aortic dilations in the proximal and distal ascending aorta during early adulthood. Lower volumes of elastic fibres were found within vessel walls of the ascending aortas of Nos3(-/-) mice, as well as incomplete coverage of the aortic inner media by neural crest cell (NCC)-derived VSMCs. VSMCs of Nos3(-/-) mice showed downregulation of 15 genes, of which seven were associated with aortic aneurysms and dissections in the human population. Elastin mRNA was most markedly downregulated, followed by fibulin-5 expression, both primary components of elastic fibres. This study demonstrates that, in addition to congenital BAV formation, disrupted endothelial-mediated nitric oxide (NO) signalling in Nos3(-/-) mice also causes aortic dilation and dissection, as a consequence of inhibited elastic fibre formation in VSMCs within the ascending aorta. Show less

Li, N. 2019

Development of the human fetal immune system: novel insights from high-dimensional single-cell technologies

Doctoral Thesis

open access

Several studies have highlighted the uniqueness of the human immune system in early life. Due to the scarceness of human fetal tissues and technical limitations, a system-wide and detailed... Show moreSeveral studies have highlighted the uniqueness of the human immune system in early life. Due to the scarceness of human fetal tissues and technical limitations, a system-wide and detailed phenotypical characterization of the composition and development of the human fetal immune system was lacking. Here, I delineate the composition and development of the human fetal immune system using an array of advanced high-throughput technologies. First, mass cytometry analysis of the innate lymphoid cells revealed a previously unrecognized subset named int-ILC in the fetal intestine, which can give rise to NK cells and ILC3s. Moreover, by combining the acquired datasets from (imaging-) mass cytometry, single-cell RNA-sequencing and TCR sequencing with advanced computational analysis tools and functional analysis this revealed that memory-like CD4+ T cells were already generated in the developing human fetal intestine, indicative of in utero exposure to foreign antigens. Additionally, (imaging-) mass cytometry analysis of the immune cells in the fetal intestine, spleen and liver revealed an early-life immune compartmentalization in these different fetal tissues. Overall, our results deepens the understanding of prenatal immunity and may ultimately be useful for the development of “early” intervention strategies to prevent the development of immune mediated diseases later in life. Show less

Grant, A.; Heitmüller, F. 2019

How countries learn to tax; Complexity, legal transplants and legal culture, 25 February to 1 March 2019: Workshop report

External research report

open access

The workshop touched upon a multitude of topics. These can be subsumed under the following main headers:It included methodological considerations around doing comparative law and combining methods... Show moreThe workshop touched upon a multitude of topics. These can be subsumed under the following main headers:It included methodological considerations around doing comparative law and combining methods of comparative law with methods from other fields such as history, political science, sociology, computer science and accounting research.Empirically, it focused on understanding how a transplant process actually works and why it takes place, i.e. who the actors are that make a transplant happen. This included meso-level perspectives, focusing on actors such as bureaucracies, experts, lawmakers, companies, accounting firms and others, but also perspectives which focused more on states as a whole and their role as norm makers and takers. The analyses thereby drew from experiences from many different countries around the world and included a number of historical perspectives as well. The participants also discussed evidence on the extent to which convergence is occurring, using the example of the tax treaty system and the implementation of the BEPS standards.Theoretically, several key concepts were discussed such as the notion of “expertise”, “international standard”, the concept of “transplant” itself and possible alternative metaphors as well as the history of the idea. It was also examined how one can approach the empirical fact of transplants or international convergence of rules from a normative and philosophical point of view.This document reports the discussions that took place during the five days in a chronological manner. The last section contains an outline of possible topics and approaches for a follow-up workshop.The report does not systematically differentiate between individual opinions that not everyone might share and consensus. It rather reports which bits and pieces of the debates caught the attention of the reporters and other note takers. It may therefore rather be seen as something stimulating further discussion than a fixed document. Show less

Klapwijk, E.T.; Van de Kamp, F.; Meulen, M. van der; Peters, S.; Wierenga, L.M. 2019

Qoala-T: A supervised-learning tool for quality control of FreeSurfer segmented MRI data

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Aar, L.P.E. van der; Peters, S.; Crone, E.A. 2018

The development of self-views across adolescence: Investigating self-descriptions with and without social comparison using a novel experimental paradigm

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Adolescence has been described as a unique period for self-concept development, with an intensified alertness to social comparison as a mechanism for self-knowledge and self-evaluation. However, it... Show moreAdolescence has been described as a unique period for self-concept development, with an intensified alertness to social comparison as a mechanism for self-knowledge and self-evaluation. However, it remains difficult to disentangle the specific influence of these social comparisons on the development of self-descriptions in adolescence. Moreover, it is still unclear how social comparisons impact upon the development of self-views in different domains, such as physical, academic and social self-views. The goal of this study was therefore to examine the development of self-descriptions in different domains across adolescence, and to experimentally test how the development of these self-descriptions is altered by an explicit social comparison context. For this purpose, we developed two tasks which both asked participants (aged 9-25-years, N = 202) for trait self-descriptions but differed in the salience of a social comparison. Results showed consistent age-differences with more positive self-views for children and adolescents in the age-range 9–14 years. The context of explicit social comparison yielded similar as well as additional age-differences that were more dependent upon valence and domain. Moreover, mid-adolescents (15–17 y) were most negatively affected by these social comparisons relative to other ages. Together, this study made a first step in disentangling the specific influence of social comparison outcomes within the development of general self-descriptions, and highlights the importance of social context in studying self-concept in adolescence. Show less

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