This chapter charts the position of the European Union (EU) in the global political economy (GPE), identifies key dimensions of change and development, and evaluates the EU’s impact on the... Show moreThis chapter charts the position of the European Union (EU) in the global political economy (GPE), identifies key dimensions of change and development, and evaluates the EU’s impact on the operation of the contemporary GPE. It does so by outlining key ideas in international political economy (IPE), by relating these to the growth of the EU, and by assessing the EU’s role in the GPE in three areas: European integration itself, the EU’s engagement in the GPE, and the EU’s claims to be a major economic power. The final part of the chapter brings these together an examination of global economic governance—in particular, the EU’s role in the financial, multilateral state system with its principles of global governance, and pays some attention to recent crises (such as the Covid-19 pandemic) and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Show less
It has been argued that science diplomacy (SD) helps avoid or mitigate conflicts among stakeholders in the Arctic. Yet underlying some of these well-intended and sometimes successful initiatives is... Show moreIt has been argued that science diplomacy (SD) helps avoid or mitigate conflicts among stakeholders in the Arctic. Yet underlying some of these well-intended and sometimes successful initiatives is a one-sided understanding of SD. The most recent literature takes a more differentiated approach towards the means and ends of SD. It shows that international scientific interaction is shaped by the twofold logic of competition and collaboration. Instruments of SD can be meant to serve national interests, collective regional goals or global agendas. The present paper disentangles these confounding discourses of collaboration and competition based on a conceptually enhanced SD framework. It analyses Arctic strategies and two cases of Arctic SD, the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation and research activities on Svalbard, to reveal the mechanisms of collaboration and competition in the sphere of international science in relation to security, environment and economy. By pointing out where and how science is currently being used in the Arctic, this article provides (a) a systematic overview of the state of SD in the region and (b) a tool for policy-makers and scientists to assess what impact different facets of SD have in Arctic politics. Show less
In many countries the scientific funding system is shifting from an internal block funding model toward a competitive project funding model. However, there is growing concern that the competitive... Show moreIn many countries the scientific funding system is shifting from an internal block funding model toward a competitive project funding model. However, there is growing concern that the competitive project funding system favors relatively safe, conventional projects at the expense of risky, novel research. It is important to assess different funding models in order to design better funding systems for science. This paper empirically tests for differences in the novelty of funded outputs between internal block funding and competitive project funding, in the setting of Japan, where both funding models play a significant role. Combining survey data from a large sample of research projects in Japan and bibliometric information about the publications produced from these projects, we find that projects funded by competitive funds on average have higher novelty compared to those funded by internal block funds. However, such positive effects only hold for researchers with high status, such as senior and male researchers. In contrast, compared to internal block funding, competitive project funding has a negative relation to novelty for low status scientists (especially junior and female researchers). The findings suggest that the competitive project selection procedure is less receptive to novel ideas from researchers with low academic status and therefore discourages their novel research. These findings can serve as a warning about potential biases in competitive funding allocation procedures and suggest the importance of secure stable funding for allowing researchers with low status to pursue their novel ideas. Show less
Wilde, T.R.W. de; Ten Velden, F.S.; Dreu, C.K.W. de 2018
Decision-making groups decide on many numerical issues, which makes them potentially vulnerable to cognitive anchors. In the current study we investigated (1) whether the anchoring-bias operates in... Show moreDecision-making groups decide on many numerical issues, which makes them potentially vulnerable to cognitive anchors. In the current study we investigated (1) whether the anchoring-bias operates in groups, (2) under which circumstances group anchoring is more or less likely to occur and (3) which processes underlie the anchoring-bias in groups. In three group decision-making studies we found that cooperative groups were susceptible to anchors. However, the anchoring-bias in groups was mitigated when groups were made process accountable or competitively motivated. Finally, we investigated whether the anchoring bias in groups operated through a fast and early influence on individual preferences, or through biased information exchange. We found evidence for the former process, but not for the latter. Show less
Steeds vaker treffen concurrenten elkaar bij de bestuursrechter. Dat is niet zo vreemd. Besluiten van de overheid kunnen immers grote gevolgen hebben voor de concurrentiepositie van ondernemers.... Show moreSteeds vaker treffen concurrenten elkaar bij de bestuursrechter. Dat is niet zo vreemd. Besluiten van de overheid kunnen immers grote gevolgen hebben voor de concurrentiepositie van ondernemers. In dit boek staat de vraag centraal hoe in het Nederlandse bestuursrecht, dat van oudsher is gericht op de bescherming van burgers tegen de overheid, wordt omgegaan met de gevolgen van besluiten voor concurrentieverhoudingen. Het onderzoek behelst een diepgravende studie naar de bescherming van concurrentiebelangen in het bestuursrecht en is gericht op het identificeren van mogelijke knelpunten die zich daarbij voordoen. Drie knelpunten komen in het bijzonder aan bod: de toegang tot de bestuursrechtelijke procedure, het doelgebonden karakter van bestuursbevoegdheden (specialiteit) en het relativiteitsvereiste. Deze knelpunten worden beschreven, geanalyseerd en in Unierechtelijk perspectief geplaatst. Aan het slot wordt een concreet voorstel gedaan om de bescherming van concurrentiebelangen in het bestuursrecht te verbeteren. Show less
Being observed by others fosters honest behavior. In this study, we examine a very subtle eye signal that may affect participants' tendency to behave honestly: observed pupil size. For this, we use... Show moreBeing observed by others fosters honest behavior. In this study, we examine a very subtle eye signal that may affect participants' tendency to behave honestly: observed pupil size. For this, we use an experimental task that is known to evoke dishonest behavior. Specifically, participants made private predictions for a coin toss and earned a bonus by reporting correct predictions. Before reporting the (in)correctness of their predictions, participants viewed videos of partners with dilating or constricting pupils. As dilating pupils are generally perceived positively, we expected that dishonesty would be reduced when participants look into the eyes of a partner with dilating pupils, especially when their own pupil size mimics the observed pupil size. In line with this prediction, Experiments 1 and 2 showed that, when earning a bonus meant harming the interaction partner, dishonesty occurred less frequently when the partner's pupils dilated rather than constricted. That is, when the interests of the self and the other conflict, participants use the pupil of the partner as a social cue to inform their behavior. However, pupil mimicry was not observed. In Experiment 3, we examined pupil mimicry and dishonesty in a context where there was no temptation to hurt the partner. Here, pupil mimicry between partners was observed, but there were no effects of the partner's pupil on dishonesty. Thus, when dishonesty harms the interaction partner, participants use pupillary cues from their partner to inform their behavior. Pupil mimicry, however, is bound to non-competitive contexts only. Show less
This research is a socio-legal study of developments in the profession of notaries. The enactment of a new act in 1999, aimed at enhancing competition and abolishing the guilt-like structure of the... Show moreThis research is a socio-legal study of developments in the profession of notaries. The enactment of a new act in 1999, aimed at enhancing competition and abolishing the guilt-like structure of the profession of notaries, is a first pillar of this research, The study focuses as well on developments in the ethics of notaries and the qualities of their services. Liberalization, through the abolition of fixed fees as well as regulated establishment, would bring about the flux of young notaries, innovation and dynamics in the profession and better prices for the customers. Making up the balance after eight years of enhanced competition in the notaries’profession one must say, that not all of the intentions and goals of the legislator were translated into the practice of notaries. The flux of new firms run by young notaries, lagged behind. Price differentiation entered the stage, but so did higher prices in the consumer’s sector. The guilt-like and old fashioned flavour of the profession is a thing of the past. Scaling up, specialization and innovation enter the stage. Franchises of firms of notaries arise. Ratings of notaries’firms and their tariffs appear on the Internet and the services of notaries become more consumers friendly. While a more entrepreneurial orientation can be traced, one cannot speak of an ethical decay. Liberalisation is rather a catalyst for new thoughts on quality and ethics on firm level. Show less
Nile perch was introduced in Lake Victoria in the 1950s and exploded in number during the 1980s. The process of colonization of the lake by this predatory fish is described and explained. The... Show moreNile perch was introduced in Lake Victoria in the 1950s and exploded in number during the 1980s. The process of colonization of the lake by this predatory fish is described and explained. The changes in a number of other fauna elements of Lake Victoria are described and explained. Not only Nile perch is to blame for these changes. Human influence by introducing other fish species, fisheries and agricultural practices have their impact Show less
