Mental health problems among children and youths are common and have numerous negative consequences for young people and their social network. Therewith, these problems pose a social issue. GPs... Show moreMental health problems among children and youths are common and have numerous negative consequences for young people and their social network. Therewith, these problems pose a social issue. GPs play an important role in early detection and management of these problems. Insight into their clinical decision- making and, as a result, way of working would be helpful to develop methods for providing children and youths with the help they need. Previous literature suggest many doctors(-to-be), of whom some are or will become GPs, have (lived) experience related to mental health problems themselves. Previous studies also suggest having (lived) experience influences GPs’ clinical decision-making, and consequently their way of working. It would have clinical benefits for GPs and patients to explore this process. This thesis is constructed of four different articles, each contributing to answering the main question: ‘How do GPs decide on child and youth mental health problems and what is the influence of their(lived) experience regarding these problems on this decision?’ Article 1: How do GPs make decisions regarding mental health problems in children and youths? For answering this subquestion, a mixed methods design was used: interviews among 14 and an online survey among 15 GPs. GPs were asked about their clinical decision-making process on children and youths with mental health problems using three vignettes describing children and youths with mental health problems representative of clinical practice. The findings suggest GPs differ with regards to their decision- making regarding child and youth mental health problems, and that their decision-making is influenced by factors related to 1) the GP, for example if the GP approaches the problem somatically or psychosocially, if the GP considers themself competent enough to solve the problem with regards to their interest in and knowledge about youth mental health care, 2) the child and its social context, for example if the child or youth has psychiatric (co)morbidity, if the problem is likely to solve itself and if the problem could be assessed as being complex and 3) the GPs’ collaboration with other youth care providers, for example if GPs have existing collaboration agreements with these youth care providers and how they view their collaboration. Article 2: Can GPs’ decisions on child and youth mental health problems be supported by means of a decision-support method?For answering this subquestion, a literature search was conducted to retrieve studies that involved clinical decision support methods for GPs’ clinical decision-making related to mental health problems among children and youths. This systematic review yielded 25 studies on 18 clinical decision-support methods, divided into computer-based methods (such as MyGRaCE), telecommunication methods (such as CAP PC) and methods with a combination of components related to computer-based methods and telecommunication methods (such as Collaborative care for depression intervention). The article provides insight into (possible) beneficial clinical implications of clinical decision-support methods. These methods could give more insight into possible mental health problems, they could provide structured information which can be used by the GP and/or parents during their next consultation with the child or youth, and they could also decrease time and costs spent by the primary care practice and the GP. There are also less beneficial clinical implications, such as an inability for some computer-based methods to be used in emergency situations, when time is short, problems for children and youths when using computer-based methods because of their mental status, and impediment to discuss certain topics freely because the decision-support method gives too much direction to the consultation. The article describes certain considerations for GPs when choosing a decision-support method, which may indirectly have a positive impact on the implementation of such methods into general practice. For example, the GP can take into account their way of working, user flexibility of the method for the GP, the child/youth and their parent(s) with regards to understandability and ease of use, if the GP already uses a clinical decision-support method, if the GP already has collaboration agreements with youth care providers, as well as their own attitude and knowledge regarding mental health problems among children and youths.Article 3: Do doctors-to-be, among whom future GPs, have (lived) experience regarding mental health problems? Study focused on preclinical medical students.For answering this subquestion, self-report questionnaires were sent to 1311 preclinical medical students of Leiden University Medical Center to measure burnout-, depression- and anxiety-related symptoms. The article concludes that symptoms related to mental health problems are common among preclinical medical students. Burnout-related symptoms were found in 46%, depression-related symptoms in 27% and anxiety- related symptoms in 29% of preclinical medical students. Burnout-related symptoms among preclinical medical students were correlated with a sleep duration of less than 6 hours per night, low happiness and a high need for recovery after a day of study. Depression- and anxiety-related symptoms were mainly correlated with low optimism, low happiness, and a high need for recovery after a day of study. These findings suggest preclinical medical students are at risk to develop mental health problems, which can inspire universities to come up with preventive interventions.Article 4: Do doctors-to-be, among whom future GPs, have (lived) experience regarding mental health problems? Study focused on medical interns.For answering this subquestion, self-report questionnaires were sent to 709 medical interns of the same institution mentioned in article 3 to measure burnout-related symptoms. Burnout-related symptoms were found in 30% of medical interns. Burnout-related symptoms among medical interns were related to low dedication with regards to work, a high work pace and quantity, a high need for recovery after a day of work and low optimism. These correlates could be used to prevent mental health problems among medical interns by making adjustments to the medical curriculum. The articles of this thesis suggest GPs’ decision-making on mental health problems in children and youths is multifactorial and consists of objective and subjective components. Furthermore, decision-making seems to differ between GPs, which may be an explanation why there are a variety of clinical decision support methods. Some clinical decision support methods have been implemented in the context of research into general practice, like MyGRaCE, CHICA, Mobiletype, Youth StepCare, consultation-liason method(between GPs and psychiatrists), telepsychiatry consultation practice and the MC3 Program. A clinical implication is GPs can choose a decision-support method which match their personal style of clinical decision-making. However, the validity, trustworthiness and usability of available methods need to be further explored. A clinical implication with regards to medical students’ mental health comprises universities provide accessible proactive mental support to preclinical medical interns and medical interns, because many do not seek help themselves. Furthermore, universities could stimulate a stigma-reducing educational environment, for example in collaboration with the department of (Child- and Adolescent) Psychiatry. Therefore, medical students could be equipped with effective strategies to cope with mental health problems. Also, they might be made aware of their vulnerability, so that they may know their subjectivity and use their personal experiences in practice. The results of this thesis invite more (longitudinal) research on the diagnostic precision, predictive value and cost-efficiency of clinical decision-support methods. Furthermore, more research is needed on the prevalence of mental health problems among graduated doctors, like GPs, and possible effects of these problems on their way of working, their decision-making and their contacts with patients. Strengths of this thesis include exploration of a relatively unknown research area, namely GPs’ clinical decision-making regarding mental health problems among children and youths. Therefore, this thesis used multiple research methodologies and it used a practical scope. This thesis also contains several limitations, such as inclusion of a small GP population, as well as self-selection bias in the studies on preclinical medical students, medical interns and GPs. Finally, interpretation of the results of this thesis was impeded because the research has been conducted in one university, because cause and effect of results could not always be disentangled and because of low statistical power. Because having mental health problems may influence GPs’ clinical decision-making, one could explore how (future) doctors work, study and relax. Therefore, it is recommended to strive for educating balanced doctors: persons who, in collaboration with their colleagues, are – through reflection – aware of their needs and wants between professional boundaries. Show less
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare inherited arrhythmia syndrome. Affected children may experience life-threatening symptoms, mainly during fever. The percentage of SCN5A variant carriers in children... Show moreBrugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare inherited arrhythmia syndrome. Affected children may experience life-threatening symptoms, mainly during fever. The percentage of SCN5A variant carriers in children is higher than in adults. Current diagnostic and follow-up policies for children with (a family history of) BrS vary between centres. Here, we present a consensus statement based on the current literature and expert opinions to standardise the approach for all children with BrS and those from BrS families in the Netherlands. In summary, BrS is diagnosed in patients with a spontaneous type 1 electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern or with a Shanghai score >= 3.5 including >= 1 ECG finding. A sodium channel-blocking drug challenge test should only be performed after puberty with a few exceptions. A fever ECG is indicated in children with suspected BrS, in children with a first-degree family member with definite or possible BrS according to the Shanghai criteria with a SCN5A variant and in paediatric SCN5A variant carriers. In-hospital rhythm monitoring during fever is indicated in patients with an existing type 1 ECG pattern and in those who develop such a pattern. Genetic testing should be restricted to SCN5A. Children with BrS and children who carry an SCN5A variant should avoid medication listed at and fever should be suppressed. Ventricular arrhythmias or electrical storms should be treated with isoproterenol infusion. Show less
Huisman, E.J.; Brooimans, A.R.; Mayer, S.; Joosten, M.; Bont, L. de; Dekker, M.; ... ; Dalm, V.A.S.H. 2022
Disorders of the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q) are rare and involve various chromosomal regions. Patients with 11q disorders, including Jacobsen syndrome, often present with a susceptibility for... Show moreDisorders of the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q) are rare and involve various chromosomal regions. Patients with 11q disorders, including Jacobsen syndrome, often present with a susceptibility for bacterial and prolonged viral and fungal infections partially explained by hypogammaglobulinemia. Additional T lymphocyte or granular neutrophil dysfunction may also be present. In order to evaluate infectious burden and immunological function in patients with 11q disorders, we studied a cohort of 14 patients with 11q deletions and duplications. Clinically, 12 patients exhibited prolonged and repetitive respiratory tract infections, frequently requiring (prophylactic) antibiotic treatment (n = 7), ear-tube placement (n = 9), or use of inhalers (n = 5). Complicated varicella infections (n = 5), chronic eczema (n = 6), warts (n = 2), and chronic fungal infections (n = 4) were reported. Six patients were on immunoglobulin replacement therapy. We observed a high prevalence of low B lymphocyte counts (n = 8), decreased T lymphocyte counts (n = 5) and abnormal T lymphocyte function (n = 12). Granulocyte function was abnormal in 29% without a clinical phenotype. Immunodeficiency was found in patients with terminal and interstitial 11q deletions and in one patient with terminal 11q duplication. Genetically, FLI1 and ETS1 are seen as causative for the immunodeficiency, but these genes were deleted nor duplicated in 4 of our 14 patients. Alternative candidate genes on 11q may have a role in immune dysregulation. In conclusion, we present evidence that inborn errors of immunity are present in patients with 11q disorders leading to clinically relevant infections. Therefore, broad immunological screening and necessary treatment is of importance in this patient group. Show less
Children with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) show a primary hemostasis defect due to reduced number of platelets (thrombocytopenia). This leads to bleeding. In children, ITP is often transient and... Show moreChildren with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) show a primary hemostasis defect due to reduced number of platelets (thrombocytopenia). This leads to bleeding. In children, ITP is often transient and self-limiting (transient ITP), but some children show persistent thrombocytopenia or even chronic ITP. Treatment with immune-modulating medication like intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) leads to early recovery from thrombocytopenia and prevents bleeding. Unfortunately, treatment is only effective in a part of the patients. This dissertation aims to better understand, explain, and predict spontaneous recovery and favorable treatment outcomes after IVIg in a specific child with ITP. To that end, molecular disease mechanisms are being evaluated and analyzed together with clinical data. The dissertation provides novel data working towards individualized care for children with ITP. This is relevant for communication with the child and caregivers over the expected prognosis, treatment decisions (IVIg), and indications for early additional diagnostic testing for other causes of thrombocytopenia (such as genetic tests). Show less
Ethnic diversity and interethnic contact are increasing in Europe. Intergroup contact theory suggests interethnic contact to improve interethnic attitudes, but for young children, parental... Show moreEthnic diversity and interethnic contact are increasing in Europe. Intergroup contact theory suggests interethnic contact to improve interethnic attitudes, but for young children, parental attitudes toward child interethnic relations might be an important factor determining whether they are exposed to these potentially positive contact effects. This study therefore examined maternal attitudes toward child contact with different ethnic outgroups among 251 mothers (137 White Dutch, 69 Turkish-Dutch, and 45 Afro-Dutch) of a 6- to 10-year-old child (M = 7.51, SD = 0.98). Furthermore, associations between maternal attitudes toward child interethnic relations and child outgroup rejection were examined, as well as mediation effects of child actual outgroup contact. Neutral to positive maternal attitudes toward child interethnic relations were found, with relatively more negative attitudes among Turkish-Dutch than White Dutch and Afro-Dutch mothers, and toward child relations with Muslims as compared to another outgroup among White Dutch and Afro-Dutch mothers. Furthermore, results did not indicate that maternal attitudes were related to child actual outgroup contact or child outgroup prejudice and no support for the intergroup contact theory was found. These results suggest that intergroup contact theory does not easily apply, highlighting the need for more research on children in various populations and contexts using different measures and informants. Patterns from the present study suggest that most improvement in terms of maternal attitudes fostering child interethnic relations can be made in the interethnic relations including ethnic groups in the Netherlands that predominantly identify as Muslim. Show less
Although clinical aspects of melanoma have been extensively studied, the literature largely concerns relatively healthy 20-70 years old patients. Special populations, such as the elderly, children,... Show moreAlthough clinical aspects of melanoma have been extensively studied, the literature largely concerns relatively healthy 20-70 years old patients. Special populations, such as the elderly, children, patients with multiple primary melanoma and those with familial melanoma, are frequently excluded from clinical studies. The studies presented in this thesis were aimed to assess prognostic factors and management of patients with clinically localized melanoma, in particular among the aforementioned special populations. Show less
Lim, W.H.; Adams, B.; Alexander, S.; Bouts, A.H.M.; Claas, F.; Collins, M.; ... ; Wong, G. 2021
Background: Parental donor kidney transplantation is the most common treatment option for children and adolescents with kidney failure. Emerging data from observational studies have reported... Show moreBackground: Parental donor kidney transplantation is the most common treatment option for children and adolescents with kidney failure. Emerging data from observational studies have reported improved short- and medium-term allograft outcomes in recipients of paternal compared to maternal donors. The INCEPTION study aims to identify potential differences in immunological compatibility between maternal and paternal donor kidneys and ascertain how this affects kidney allograft outcomes in children and adolescents with kidney failure.Methods: This longitudinal observational study will recruit kidney transplant recipients aged <= 18years who have received a parental donor kidney transplant across 4 countries (Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom and the Netherlands) between 1990 and 2020. High resolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing of both recipients and corresponding parental donors will be undertaken, to provide an in-depth assessment of immunological compatibility. The primary outcome is a composite of de novo donor-specific anti-HLA antibody (DSA), biopsy-proven acute rejection or allograft loss up to 60-months post-transplantation. Secondary outcomes are de novo DSA, biopsyproven acute rejection, acute or chronic antibody mediated rejection or Chronic Allograft Damage Index (CADI) score of > 1 on allograft biopsy post-transplant, allograft function, proteinuria and allograft loss. Using principal component analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression modelling, we will determine the associations between defined sets of immunological and clinical parameters that may identify risk stratification for the primary and secondary outcome measures among young people accepting a parental donor kidney for transplantation. This study design will allow us to specifically investigate the relative importance of accepting a maternal compared to paternal donor, for families deciding on the best option for donation.Discussion: The INCEPTION study findings will explore potentially differential immunological risks of maternal and paternal donor kidneys for transplantation among children and adolescents. Our study will provide the evidence base underpinning the selection of parental donor in order to achieve the best projected long-term kidney transplant and overall health outcomes for children and adolescents, a recognized vulnerable population. Show less
Evidence of the effectivity of play-based interventions in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was evaluated by PRISMA-based literature study and a Risk of Bias (RoB) assessment. Many of... Show moreEvidence of the effectivity of play-based interventions in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was evaluated by PRISMA-based literature study and a Risk of Bias (RoB) assessment. Many of the 32 eligible randomized controlled trials (RCT) reported improved social interaction, communication, daily functioning and play behaviour. They also reported decreased problem behaviour, better parental attunement and parent-child interaction. We assessed 25/32 of the RCTs with high RoB, mainly related to homogeneity of the study population, lack of power, and performance bias. We concluded with due care that the effectivity of play-based interventions differed across RCTs, most reported improvements are found in ASD symptoms, everyday functioning, and parental attunement. In future research, findings should be replicated, taking account of the RoB. Show less
Background Mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel is one of the main control measures against human schistosomiasis. Although there are claims for including pregnant women, infants and... Show moreBackground Mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel is one of the main control measures against human schistosomiasis. Although there are claims for including pregnant women, infants and children under the age of 5 years in high-endemic regions in MDA campaigns, they are usually not treated without a diagnosis. Diagnostic tools identifying infections at the primary health care centre (PHCC) level could therefore help to integrate these vulnerable groups into control programmes. freeBILy (fast and reliable easy-to-use-diagnostics for eliminating bilharzia in young children and mothers) is an international consortium focused on implementing and evaluating new schistosomiasis diagnostic strategies. In Madagascar, the study aims to determine the effectiveness of a test-based schistosomiasis treatment (TBST) strategy for pregnant women and their infants and children up until the age of 2 years. Methods A two-armed, cluster-randomized, controlled phase III trial including 5200 women and their offspring assesses the impact of TBST on child growth and maternal haemoglobin in areas of medium to high endemicity of Schistosoma mansoni. The participants are being tested with the point of care-circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) test, a commercially available urine-based non-invasive rapid diagnostic test for schistosomiasis. In the intervention arm, a POC-CCA-TBST strategy is offered to women during pregnancy and 9 months after delivery, for their infants at 9 months of age. In the control arm, study visit procedures are the same, but without the POC-CCA-TBST procedure. All participants are being offered the POC-CCA-TBST 24 months after delivery. This trial is being integrated into the routine maternal and child primary health care programmes at 40 different PHCC in Madagascar's highlands. The purpose of the trial is to assess the effectiveness of the POC-CCA-TBST for controlling schistosomiasis in young children and mothers. Discussion This trial assesses a strategy to integrate pregnant women and their children under the age of 2 years into schistosomiasis control programmes using rapid diagnostic tests. It includes local capacity building for clinical trials and large-scale intervention research. Show less
Fosch Villaronga, E.; Hof, S. van der; Lutz, C.; Tamò Larrieux, A. 2021
Policymakers need to start considering the impact smart connected toys (SCTs) have on children. Equipped with sensors, data processing capacities, and connectivity, SCTs targeting children... Show morePolicymakers need to start considering the impact smart connected toys (SCTs) have on children. Equipped with sensors, data processing capacities, and connectivity, SCTs targeting children increasingly penetrate pervasively personal environ- ments. The network of SCTs forms the Internet of Toys (IoToys) and often increases children's engagement and playtime experience. Unfortunately, this young part of the population and, most of the time, their parents are often unaware of SCTs’ far-reaching capacities and limitations. The capabilities and constraints of SCTs create severe side effects at the technical, individual, and societal level. These side effects are often unforeseeable and unexpected. They arise from the technology's use and the interconnected nature of the IoToys, without necessarily involving malevolence from their creators. Although existing regulations and new ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence provide remedies to address some of the side effects, policymakers did not develop these redress mechanisms having children and SCTs in mind. This article provides an analysis of the arising side effects of SCTs and contrasts them with current regulatory redress mechanisms. We thereby highlight misfits and needs for further policymaking efforts. Show less
Ghatan, S.; Costantini, A.; Li, R.; Bruin, C. de; Appelman-Dijkstra, N.M.; Winter, E.M.; ... ; Medina-Gomez, C. 2021
Purpose of Review Fractures are frequently encountered in paediatric practice. Although recurrent fractures in children usually unveil a monogenic syndrome, paediatric fracture risk could be shaped... Show morePurpose of Review Fractures are frequently encountered in paediatric practice. Although recurrent fractures in children usually unveil a monogenic syndrome, paediatric fracture risk could be shaped by the individual genetic background influencing the acquisition of bone mineral density, and therefore, the skeletal fragility as shown in adults. Here, we examine paediatric fractures from the perspective of monogenic and complex trait genetics.Recent Findings Large-scale genome-wide studies in children have identified similar to 44 genetic loci associated with fracture or bone traits whereas similar to 35 monogenic diseases characterized by paediatric fractures have been described.Genetic variation can predispose to paediatric fractures through monogenic risk variants with a large effect and polygenic risk involving many variants of small effects. Studying genetic factors influencing peak bone attainment might help in identifying individuals at higher risk of developing early-onset osteoporosis and discovering drug targets to be used as bone restorative pharmacotherapies to prevent, or even reverse, bone loss later in life. Show less
BACKGROUND Adult long QT syndrome (LQTS) patients have inadequate corrected QT interval (QTc) shortening and an abnormal T-wave response to the sudden heart rate acceleration provoked by standing.... Show moreBACKGROUND Adult long QT syndrome (LQTS) patients have inadequate corrected QT interval (QTc) shortening and an abnormal T-wave response to the sudden heart rate acceleration provoked by standing. In adults, this knowledge can be used to aid an LQTS diagnosis and, possibly, for risk stratification. However, data on the diagnostic value of the standing test in children are currently limited. OBJECTIVE To determine the potential value of the standing test to aid LQTS diagnostics in children. METHODS In a prospective cohort including children (<= 18 years) who had a standing test, comprehensive analyses were performed including manual and automated QT interval assessments and determination of T-wave morphology changes. RESULTS We included 47 LQTS children and 86 control children. At baseline, the QTc that identified LQTS children with a 90% sensitivity was 435 ms, which yielded a 65% specificity. A QTc >= 490 ms after standing only slightly increased sensitivity (91%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 80%-98%) and slightly decreased specificity (58%, 95% CI: 47%-70%). Sensitivity increased slightly more when T-wave abnormalities were present (94%, 95% CI: 82%-99%; specificity 53%, 95% CI: 42%-65%). When a baseline QTc >= 440 ms was accompanied by a QTc >= 490 ms and T-wave abnormalities after standing, sensitivity further increased (96%, 95% CI: 85%-99%) at the expense of a further specificity decrease (41%, 95% CI: 30%-52%). Beat-to-beat analysis showed that 30 seconds after standing, LQTS children had a greater increase in heart rate compared to controls, which was more evidently present in LQTS boys and LQTS type 1 children. CONCLUSION In children, the standing test has limited additive diagnostic value for LQTS over a baseline electrocardiogram, while T-wave abnormalities after standing also have limited additional value. The standing test for LQTS should only be used with caution in children. Show less
Aims The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is routinely performed in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). An ECG risk score has been suggested as a useful tool for risk stratification,... Show moreAims The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is routinely performed in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). An ECG risk score has been suggested as a useful tool for risk stratification, but this has not been independently validated. This aim of this study was to describe the ECG phenotype of childhood HCM in a large, international, multi-centre cohort and investigate its role in risk prediction for arrhythmic events. Methods and results Data from 356 childhood HCM patients with a mean age of 10.1 years (+/- 4.5) were collected from a retrospective, multi-centre international cohort. Three hundred and forty-seven (97.5%) patients had ECG abnormalities at baseline, most commonly repolarization abnormalities (n = 277, 77.8%); left ventricular hypertrophy (n = 240, 67.7%); abnormal QRS axis (n = 126, 35.4%); or QT prolongation (n = 131, 36.8%). Over a median follow-up of 3.9 years (interquartile range 2.0-7.7), 25 (7%) had an arrhythmic event, with an overall annual event rate of 1.38 (95% CI 0.93-2.04). No ECG variables were associated with 5-year arrhythmic event on univariable or multivariable analysis. The ECG risk score threshold of >5 had modest discriminatory ability [C-index 0.60 (95% CI 0.484-0.715)], with corresponding negative and positive predictive values of 96.7% and 6.7% Conclusion In a large, international, multi-centre cohort of childhood HCM, ECG abnormalities were common and varied. No ECG characteristic, either in isolation or combined in the previously described ECG risk score, was associated with 5-year sudden cardiac death risk. This suggests that the role of baseline ECG phenotype in improving risk stratification in childhood HCM is limited. Show less
The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of flecainide, beta-blockers, sotalol, and verapamil in children with frequent PVCs, with or without asymptomatic VT. Frequent premature ventricular... Show moreThe aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of flecainide, beta-blockers, sotalol, and verapamil in children with frequent PVCs, with or without asymptomatic VT. Frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) and asymptomatic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in children with structurally normal hearts require anti-arrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy depending on the severity of symptoms or ventricular dysfunction; however, data on efficacy in children are scarce. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic children (>= 1 year and < 18 years of age) with a PVC burden of 5% or more, with or without asymptomatic runs of VT, who had consecutive Holter recordings, were included in this retrospective multi-center study. The groups of patients receiving AAD therapy were compared to an untreated control group. A medication episode was defined as a timeframe in which the highest dosage at a fixed level of a single drug was used in a patient. A total of 35 children and 46 medication episodes were included, with an overall change in PVC burden on Holter of -4.4 percentage points, compared to -4.2 in the control group of 14 patients. The mean reduction in PVC burden was only significant in patients receiving flecainide (- 13.8 percentage points; N = 10; p = 0.032), compared to the control group and other groups receiving beta-blockers (- 1.7 percentage points; N = 18), sotalol (+ 1.0 percentage points; N = 7), or verapamil (- 3.9 percentage points; N = 11). The efficacy of anti-arrhythmic drug therapy on frequent PVCs or asymptomatic VTs in children is very limited. Only flecainide appears to be effective in lowering the PVC burden. Show less
Background The diagnostic workup of ovarian tumors in children and adolescents is challenging because preserving fertility, in addition to oncological safety, is of particular importance in this... Show moreBackground The diagnostic workup of ovarian tumors in children and adolescents is challenging because preserving fertility, in addition to oncological safety, is of particular importance in this population. Therefore, a thorough preoperative assessment of ovarian tumors is required. Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of MR imaging in differentiating benign from malignant ovarian tumors in children and adolescents. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective study of all children and adolescents age Results We included 30 girls who underwent MR imaging for an ovarian tumor. Signs indicative for malignancy were tumors with a diameter >= 8 cm, with areas of contrast enhancement, irregular margins, extracapsular tumor growth, and ascites. All benign and malignant ovarian tumors were correctly identified by the radiologists. Conclusion The diagnostic utility of MR imaging in classifying ovarian tumors in children and adolescents as benign or malignant is promising and might aid in defining the indication for ovarian-sparing versus non-ovarian-sparing surgery. We recommend evaluating these tumors with MR imaging prior to deciding on surgical treatment. Show less
EnglishThe position of children under the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Sri Lanka has been a hitherto fairly neglected subject in the historiography on the VOC. Recent studies have demonstrated... Show moreEnglishThe position of children under the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Sri Lanka has been a hitherto fairly neglected subject in the historiography on the VOC. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of focusing on children in colonial contexts during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, especially when analysing political rationalities of colonial power and religion. While the VOC was an early modern mercantilist company, it sought to impose intellectual, moral and bodily discipline on the local population. The Company wanted to create subjects through education and the introduction of Protestant religion, explicitly targeting children. Why did an early modern mercantilist Company-state attempt to create loyal subjects? How was the Dutch Reformed Church involved in this process of subject-making in Sri Lanka, and what was the importance accorded to children? Using ordinances, visitation reports, minutes from church council meetings and school thombos (parish registers containing school data), I will show why children in eighteenth century Sri Lanka were targets of Dutch colonial subject-making.NederlandsDe positie van kinderen onder de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) in Sri Lanka is een tot nog toe weinig verkend perspectief in de historiografie over de VOC. Recente studies over kinderen in de negentiende- en twintigste-eeuwse koloniale context hebben laten zien dat dit een belangrijk uitgangspunt is voor het bestuderen van de politieke visies achter koloniale en religieuze machtsstructuren. Hoewel ze een vroegmoderne, commerciële compagnie was, wilde ook de VOC morele, intellectuele en lichamelijke discipline opleggen aan de lokale bevolking. Door het gebruik van educatie en het invoeren van de protestantse religie wilde de Compagnie hen omvormen tot loyale onderdanen, en zij richtte zich daarbij expliciet op kinderen. Waarom probeerde een vroegmoderne, mercantilistische Compagnie-staat haar bevolking door een proces van ‘subject-making’ aan zich te binden? Hoe was de Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk betrokken in dit proces in Sri Lanka, en welke rol en welk belang werd hierin aan kinderen toebedeeld? Met behulp van visitatierapporten, minuten van de Kerkenraadvergadering en ‘school thombos’ (kerkelijke dorpsregisters die schooldata bevatten) laat ik zien waarom kinderen in het achttiende-eeuwse Sri Lanka het doelwit waren van een Nederlands, koloniaal disciplineringsbeleid. Show less
In a social environment composed mostly of people with typical hearing, deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) children experience social interactions differently from their typically hearing (TH) peers,... Show moreIn a social environment composed mostly of people with typical hearing, deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) children experience social interactions differently from their typically hearing (TH) peers, which could guide them towards different patterns for processing other people’s emotions. This thesis aimed to unravel whether hearing status affects how children encode, interpret, and react to others’ emotions in a social context, and whether their responses are associated with psychosocial functioning, using a variety of measures that included eye tracking, pupillometry, behavioral tasks, parent reports, and longitudinal follow-up. DHH children’s skills for perceiving others’ basic emotions were on par with their TH peers. Improved emotional functioning was associated with improved psychosocial functioning to a similar degree in DHH and TH children alike. Yet, DHH children still faced difficulties when they had to process an emotion with adequate knowledge about social rules and causes of emotions. Moreover, DHH children used a visual cue-based encoding strategy to compensate for ambiguous or unavailable information in social situations, and recruited more cognitive resources to process unfamiliar emotional expressions. The findings underscore the need to look into possible qualitative differences between typical and atypical development. These individual differences reflect compensatory strategies to support daily living, or signal a need for support in a certain domain. Show less
Horke, A.; Bobylev, D.; Avsar, M.; Meyns, B.; Rega, F.; Hazekamp, M.; ... ; Sarikouch, S. 2020
OBJECTIVES: Options for paediatric aortic valve replacement (AVR) are limited if valve repair is not feasible. Results of paediatric Ross procedures are inferior to adult Ross results, and... Show moreOBJECTIVES: Options for paediatric aortic valve replacement (AVR) are limited if valve repair is not feasible. Results of paediatric Ross procedures are inferior to adult Ross results, and mechanical AVR imposes constant anticoagulation with the inherent risks.METHODS: The study design was a prospective, multicentre follow-up of all paediatric patients receiving decellularized aortic homografts (DAHs) for AVR in 8 European centres.RESULTS: A total of 106 children (77 boys) were operated (mean age 10.1 +/- 4.8 years, DAH diameter 20.5 +/- 3.8 mm). A total of 60 (57%) had undergone previous surgical interventions: 34 with 1, 15 with 2 and 11 with >3. There was one early death in a 12-year-old girl, who underwent her fourth aortic valve operation, due to intracerebral haemorrhage on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after coronary reimplantation problems following 3-sinus reconstruction 1 year earlier. One 2-year-old patient died due to sepsis 2 months postoperatively with no evidence for endocarditis. In addition, a single pacemaker implantation was necessary and a 2.5-year-old girl underwent successful HTx due to chronic myocardial failure despite an intact DAH. After a mean follow-up of 3.30 +/- 2.45 years, primary efficacy end points mean peak gradient (18.1 +/- 20.9 mmHg) and regurgitation (mean 0.61 +/- 0.63, grade 0-3) were very good. Freedom from death/explantation/endocarditis/bleeding/stroke at 5 years was 97.8 +/- 1.6/85.0 +/- 7.4/100/100/100% respectively. Calculated expected adverse events were lower for DAH compared to cryopreserved homograft patients (mean age 8.9 years), lower than in Ross patients (9.4 years) and in the same range as mechanical AVR (12.8 years).CONCLUSIONS: Even though the overall number of paediatric DAH patients and the follow-up time span are still limited, our data suggest that DAHs may present a promising additional option for paediatric AVR. Show less
Prematurely born children are at higher risk for long-term adverse motor and cognitive outcomes. The aim of this paper was to compare quantitative measures derived from electroencephalography (EEG)... Show morePrematurely born children are at higher risk for long-term adverse motor and cognitive outcomes. The aim of this paper was to compare quantitative measures derived from electroencephalography (EEG) between extremely (EP) and very prematurely (VP) born children at 9-10 years of age.Fifty-five children born < 32 weeks' of gestation underwent EEG at 9-10 years of age and were assessed for motor development and cognitive outcome. Relative frequency power and functional connectivity, as measured by the Phase Lag Index (PLI), were calculated for all frequency bands. Per subject, power spectrum and functional connectivity results were averaged over all channels and pairwise PLI values to explore differences in global frequency power and functional connectivity between EP and VP children. Brain networks were constructed for the upper alpha frequency band using the Minimum Spanning Tree method and were compared between EP and VP children. In addition, the relationships between upper alpha quantitative EEG results and cognitive and motor outcomes were investigated.Relative power and functional connectivity were significantly higher in VP than EP children in the upper alpha frequency band, and VP children had more integrated networks. A strong positive correlation was found between relative upper alpha power and motor outcome whilst controlling for gestational age, age during EEG recording, and gender (p = 0.493, p = 0.004).These results suggest that 9-10 years after birth, the effects of the degree of prematurity can be observed in terms of alterations in functional brain activity and that motor deficits are associated with decreases in relative upper alpha power. Show less
BACKGROUND: A clear understanding of the differences in the epidemiology of food allergy between rural and urban populations may provide insights into the causes of increasing prevalence of food... Show moreBACKGROUND: A clear understanding of the differences in the epidemiology of food allergy between rural and urban populations may provide insights into the causes of increasing prevalence of food allergy in the developed world.OBJECTIVE: We used a standardized methodology to determine the prevalence and types of food-specific allergic sensitization and food allergies in schoolchildren from urban and rural regions of China, Russia, and India.METHODS: The current study is a multicenter epidemiological survey of children recruited from 5 cities in China (Hong Kong and Guangzhou), Russia (Tomsk), and India (Bengaluru and Mysore) and 1 rural county in Southern China (Shaoguan). A total of 35,549 children aged 6 to 11 years from 3 countries participated in this survey. Random samples of children from 3 countries were first screened by the EuroPrevall screening questionnaire. Children with and without a history of adverse reactions to foods were then recruited for the subsequent case-control comparative studies. We determined the prevalence rates of food-specific IgE sensitization and food allergies using the predefined criteria.RESULTS: The prevalence rates of food-specific IgE sensitization (>= 0.7 kU/L) to at least 1 food were 16.6% in Hong Kong, 7.0% in Guangzhou, 16.8% in rural Shaoguan, 8.0% in Tomsk, and 19.1% in India. Using a definition of probable food allergy as reporting allergic symptoms within 2 hours of ingestion of a specific food plus the presence of allergic sensitization to the specific food (positive IgE and/or positive skin prick test result), the prevalence of food allergy was highest in Hong Kong (1.50%), intermediate in Russia (0.87%), and lowest in Guangzhou (0.21%), Shaoguan (0.69%), and India (0.14%). For children recruited from Hong Kong, both sensitization and food allergy were significantly higher in children who were born and raised in Hong Kong when compared with those who were born in mainland China and migrated to Hong Kong, highlighting the importance of early-life exposures in affecting the subsequent development of food sensitization and food allergy.CONCLUSIONS: There are wide variations in the prevalence of food-specific IgE sensitization and food allergy in the 3 participating countries. Food allergy appears to be less common when compared with developed countries. The variations in the prevalence of food allergen sensitization cannot be explained by the differences in the degree of urbanization. Despite the high prevalence of food-specific IgE sensitization in India and rural China, food allergy is still extremely uncommon. In addition to IgE sensitization, other factors must play important roles resulting in the clinical manifestations of food allergies. (C) 2019 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Show less
