For more than a century, research on psychopathology has focused on categorical diagnoses. Although this work has produced major discoveries, growing evidence points to the superiority of a... Show moreFor more than a century, research on psychopathology has focused on categorical diagnoses. Although this work has produced major discoveries, growing evidence points to the superiority of a dimensional approach to the science of mental illness. Here we outline one such dimensional system—the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)—that is based on empirical patterns of co-occurrence among psychological symptoms. We highlight key ways in which this framework can advance mental-health research, and we provide some heuristics for using HiTOP to test theories of psychopathology. We then review emerging evidence that supports the value of a hierarchical, dimensional model of mental illness across diverse research areas in psychological science. These new data suggest that the HiTOP system has the potential to accelerate and improve research on mental-health problems as well as efforts to more effectively assess, prevent, and treat mental illness. Show less
We report the detection of a unique CO$_{2}$ ice band toward the deeply embedded, low-mass protostar HOPS-68. Our spectrum, obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph on board the Spitzer Space... Show moreWe report the detection of a unique CO$_{2}$ ice band toward the deeply embedded, low-mass protostar HOPS-68. Our spectrum, obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph on board the Spitzer Space Telescope, reveals a 15.2 {$μ$}m CO$_{2}$ ice bending mode profile that cannot be modeled with the same ice structure typically found toward other protostars. We develop a modified CO$_{2}$ ice profile decomposition, including the addition of new high-quality laboratory spectra of pure, crystalline CO$_{2}$ ice. Using this model, we find that 87%-92% of the CO$_{2}$ is sequestered as spherical, CO$_{2}$-rich mantles, while typical interstellar ices show evidence of irregularly shaped, hydrogen-rich mantles. We propose that (1) the nearly complete absence of unprocessed ices along the line of sight is due to the flattened envelope structure of HOPS-68, which lacks cold absorbing material in its outer envelope, and possesses an extreme concentration of material within its inner (10 AU) envelope region and (2) an energetic event led to the evaporation of inner envelope ices, followed by cooling and re-condensation, explaining the sequestration of spherical, CO$_{2}$ ice mantles in a hydrogen-poor mixture. The mechanism responsible for the sublimation could be either a transient accretion event or shocks in the interaction region between the protostellar outflow and envelope. The proposed scenario is consistent with the rarity of the observed CO$_{2}$ ice profile, the formation of nearly pure CO$_{2}$ ice, and the production of spherical ice mantles. HOPS-68 may therefore provide a unique window into the protostellar feedback process, as outflows and heating shape the physical and chemical structure of protostellar envelopes and molecular clouds. Show less
Michałowski, M.; Kamble, A.; Hjorth, J.; Malesani, D.; Reinfrank, R.; Bonavera, L.; ... ; Wiersema, K. 2012
