Psychotherapy is an effective treatment for many common mental health problems, but the mechanisms of action and processes of change are unclear, perhaps driven by the focus on a single diagnosis... Show morePsychotherapy is an effective treatment for many common mental health problems, but the mechanisms of action and processes of change are unclear, perhaps driven by the focus on a single diagnosis which does not reflect the heterogeneous symptom experiences of many patients. The objective of this study was to better understand therapeutic change, by illustrating how symptoms evolve and interact during psychotherapy. Data from 113,608 patients from psychological therapy services who completed depression and anxiety symptom measures across three to six therapy sessions were analysed. A panel graphical vector-autoregression model was estimated in a model development sample (N = 68,165) and generalizability was tested in a confirmatory model, fitted to a separate (hold-out) sample of patients (N = 45,443). The model displayed an excellent fit and replicated in the confirmatory holdout sample. First, we found that nearly all symptoms were statistically related to each other (i.e. dense connectivity), indicating that no one symptom or association drives change. Second, the structure of symptom interrelations which emerged did not change across sessions. These findings provide a dynamic view of the process of symptom change during psychotherapy and give rise to several causal hypotheses relating to structure, mechanism, and process. Show less
Paulino-Afonso, A.; Sobral, D.R.; Darvish, B.; Leite Ribeiro, B.R.; Wel, A. van der; Stott, J.; ... ; Craig, J.E.M. 2019
We present the spatially resolved H{$α$} dynamics of 16 star-forming galaxies at z ~{} 0.81 using the new KMOS multi-object integral field spectrograph on the ESO Very Large Telescope. These... Show moreWe present the spatially resolved H{$α$} dynamics of 16 star-forming galaxies at z ~{} 0.81 using the new KMOS multi-object integral field spectrograph on the ESO Very Large Telescope. These galaxies, selected using 1.18 {$μ$}m narrowband imaging from the 10 deg$^{2}$ CFHT-HiZELS survey of the SA 22 hr field, are found in a ~{}4 Mpc overdensity of H{$α$} emitters and likely reside in a group/intermediate environment, but not a cluster. We confirm and identify a rich group of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.813 {plusmn} 0.003, with 13 galaxies within 1000 km s$^{–1}$ of each other, and seven within a diameter of 3 Mpc. All of our galaxies are ''typical'' star-forming galaxies at their redshift, 0.8 {plusmn} 0.4 SFR^{}*_${$z = 0.8$}$, spanning a range of specific star formation rates (sSFRs) of 0.2-1.1 Gyr$^{–1}$ and have a median metallicity very close to solar of 12 + log(O/H) = 8.62 {plusmn} 0.06. We measure the spatially resolved H{$α$} dynamics of the galaxies in our sample and show that 13 out of 16 galaxies can be described by rotating disks and use the data to derive inclination corrected rotation speeds of 50-275 km s$^{–1}$. The fraction of disks within our sample is 75% {plusmn} 8%, consistent with previous results based on Hubble Space Telescope morphologies of H{$α$}-selected galaxies at z ~{} 1 and confirming that disks dominate the SFR density at z ~{} 1. Our H{$α$} galaxies are well fitted by the z ~{} 1-2 Tully-Fisher (TF) relation, confirming the evolution seen in the zero point. Apart from having, on average, higher stellar masses and lower sSFRs, our group galaxies at z = 0.81 present the same mass-metallicity and TF relation as z ~{} 1 field galaxies and are all disk galaxies. Show less
