Raman Spectroscopy can give a biochemical fingerprint of tissue and therefore could detect malignant changes in bladder tissue. In the introduction the basics of bladder cancer diagnosis and Raman... Show moreRaman Spectroscopy can give a biochemical fingerprint of tissue and therefore could detect malignant changes in bladder tissue. In the introduction the basics of bladder cancer diagnosis and Raman Spectroscopy and the current status of research in this field is described. In chapter 2 we performed phantom measurements using a superficial probe which showed to measure more superficial and has a higher signal to noise ratio than a nonsuperfical probe. In chapter 3 this probe was tested in during cystoscopie. Thesignal to noise ratio, sensitivity and specificity of detecting urothelial carcinoma was higher for the superficial probe compared to the nonsuperficial probe. In chapter 4 we used this probe for 2D spatial measurements of a cystectomy specimen. In this chapter we found more uncertainty surrounding the tumor which could be explained by the fact that tissue surrounding the tumor is in transition into malignancy or that there is tissue heterogeniety. In chapter 5 we describe a bladder lesion registration and navigation tool. We tested it in a phantom model. Show less
Stomp-Agenant, M.; Dijk, T. van; Onur, S.; Grimbergen, M.; Melick, H. van; Jonges, T.; ... ; Swol, C. van 2022
Raman spectroscopy is promising as a noninvasive tool for cancer diagnosis. A superficial Raman probe might improve the classification of bladder cancer, because information is gained solely from... Show moreRaman spectroscopy is promising as a noninvasive tool for cancer diagnosis. A superficial Raman probe might improve the classification of bladder cancer, because information is gained solely from the diseased tissue and irrelevant information from deeper layers is omitted. We compared Raman measurements of a superficial to a nonsuperficial probe, in bladder cancer diagnosis. Two-hundred sixteen Raman measurements and biopsies were taken in vivo from at least one suspicious and one unsuspicious bladder location in 104 patients. A Raman classification model was constructed based on histopathology, using a principal-component fed linear-discriminant-analysis and leave-one-person-out cross-validation. The diagnostic ability measured in area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.95 and 0.80, the sensitivity was 90% and 85% and the specificity was 87% and 88% for the superficial and the nonsuperficial probe, respectively. We found inflammation to be a confounder and additionally we found a gradual transition from benign to low-grade to high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Raman spectroscopy provides additional information to histopathology and the diagnostic value using a superficial probe. Show less
