This dissertation zooms in on the successful military career of the sixteenth-century Chinese general Qi Jiguang and the question how he was able to bridge the divide between the worlds of the... Show moreThis dissertation zooms in on the successful military career of the sixteenth-century Chinese general Qi Jiguang and the question how he was able to bridge the divide between the worlds of the civil bureaucrat, the Neo-Confucian scholar, and that of the professional military. These worlds had grown apart in the course of the Ming (1368-1644) dynasty in socio-cultural terms. Moreover, as the original military institutions of the empire broke down during the fifteenth century, the civil bureaucracy assumed a greater role in military affairs, further marginalizing the role of military officers. Nevertheless, Qi Jiguang managed to take advantage of this state of affairs by subscribing to a new activist interpretation of Neo-Confucianism, foremostly pioneered by philosopher and statesman Wang Yangming (1472-1529). This redefined Neo-Confucianism facilitated a fusion of civil and military lifestyles and was embraced by activist-minded civil bureaucrats, scholars, and military men in the sixteenth century. By cultivating ties within this movement, Qi Jiguang built a personal network within the empire’s civil bureaucracy and also gained access to circulating military knowledge. Moreover, Qi Jiguang also adapted Wang Yangming’s philosophy to his military methods and used its precepts to cultivate the courage and moral fiber of his officers and soldiers. Show less
Housing the largest Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Dutch West India Company (WIC) archive, the National Archives of the Netherlands also preserves many hand drawn maps, plans and topographical... Show moreHousing the largest Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Dutch West India Company (WIC) archive, the National Archives of the Netherlands also preserves many hand drawn maps, plans and topographical views of the Dutch overseas settlements. Between 2005 and 2012 these were reproduced in the monumental series of the Comprehensive Atlas of the VOC and WIC. Nevertheless, a hitherto unknown plan was recently uncovered from obscurity. Show less
