BackgroundNorway instituted a Coordination Reform in 2012 aimed at maximizing time at home by providing in-home care through community services. Dying in a hospital can be highly stressful for... Show moreBackgroundNorway instituted a Coordination Reform in 2012 aimed at maximizing time at home by providing in-home care through community services. Dying in a hospital can be highly stressful for patients and families. Persons with dementia are particularly vulnerable to negative outcomes in hospital. This study aims to describe changes in the proportion of older adults with and without dementia dying in nursing homes, home, hospital and other locations over an 11-year period covering the reform.Methods and findingsThis is a repeated cross-sectional, population-level study using mortality data from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry hosted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Participants were Norwegian older adults 65 years or older with and without dementia who died from 2006 to 2017. The policy intervention was the 2012 Coordination Reform that increased care infrastructure into communities. The primary outcome was location of death listed as a nursing home, home, hospital or other location. The trend in the proportion of location of death, before and after the reform was estimated using an interrupted time-series analysis. All analyses were adjusted for sex and seasonality. Of the 417,862 older adult decedents, 61,940 (14.8%) had dementia identified on their death certificate. Nursing home deaths increased over time while hospital deaths decreased for the total population (adjusted Relative Risk Ratio (aRRR) 0.87, 95% CI 0.82-0.92) and persons with dementia (aRRR: 0.93, 95%CI 0.91-0.96) after reform implementation.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that the 2012 Coordination Reform was associated with decreased older adults dying in hospital and increased nursing home death; however, the number of people dying at home did not change. Show less
ZusammenfassungDie Altersrevolution verandert die Zusammensetzung unserer Gesellschaft. Immer mehr Menschen erreichen ein sehr hohes Alter und haben damit ein gro ss eres Risiko, Schmerz und Demenz... Show moreZusammenfassungDie Altersrevolution verandert die Zusammensetzung unserer Gesellschaft. Immer mehr Menschen erreichen ein sehr hohes Alter und haben damit ein gro ss eres Risiko, Schmerz und Demenz zu entwickeln. Schmerz wird gewohnlich auf verbalem Weg kommuniziert, eine Fahigkeit, die bei Menschen mit Demenz zunehmend verloren geht. In der Folge leiden die Betroffenen unnotigerweise an behandelbarem, aber unerkanntem Schmerz. Die Schmerzerfassung bei Patienten mit Demenz ist eine Herausforderung, wobei die Forschung rasche Fortschritte verzeichnet. Instrumente und Protokolle zur Schmerzerfassung (hauptsachlich Fremdeinschatzungsskalen) wurden in nationale und internationale Leitlinien fur die Schmerzerfassung bei alteren Menschen aufgenommen. Fur eine effektive Schmerzerfassung ist eine interdisziplinare Zusammenarbeit von Pflegekraften, Arzten, Psychologen, Informatikern und Ingenieuren von grundlegender Bedeutung. Auch die Schmerzbehandlung erfolgt bei dieser vulnerablen Patientengruppe bevorzugt interdisziplinar. Nichtmedikamentose Therapieprogramme wurden uberwiegend an jungeren Populationen ohne Demenz untersucht. Viele dieser Ansatze sind jedoch relativ sicher, haben sich als wirksam erwiesen und sollten daher in Schmerztherapieprogrammen an erster Stelle stehen. Paracetamol ist ein relativ sicheres und wirksames Analgetikum der ersten Wahl. In Bezug auf die Anwendung von nichtsteroidalen Antirheumatika, Opioiden und Koanalgetika bei Patienten mit Demenz bestehen dagegen zahlreiche Sicherheitsrisiken. Daher werden regelma ss ige Kontrollen des Schmerzes wie auch der potenziellen Nebenwirkungen empfohlen. Fur eine bessere Orientierung in der Schmerzbehandlung bei Demenz ist weitere Forschung notwendig. Show less
The ageing revolution is changing the composition of our society with more people becoming very old with higher risks for developing both pain and dementia. Pain is normally signaled by verbal... Show moreThe ageing revolution is changing the composition of our society with more people becoming very old with higher risks for developing both pain and dementia. Pain is normally signaled by verbal communication, which becomes more and more deteriorated in people with dementia. Thus, these individuals unnecessarily suffer from manageable but unrecognized pain. Pain assessment in patients with dementia is a challenging endeavor, with scientific advancements quickly developing. Pain assessment tools and protocols (mainly observational scales) have been incorporated into national and international guidelines of pain assessment in aged individuals. To effectively assess pain, interdisciplinary collaboration (nurses, physicians, psychologists, computer scientists, and engineers) is essential. Pain management in this vulnerable population is also preferably done in an interdisciplinary setting. Nonpharmacological management programs have been predominantly tested in younger populations without dementia. However, many of them are relatively safe, have proven their efficacy, and therefore deserve a first place in pain management programs. Paracetamol is a relatively safe and effective first-choice analgesic. There are many safety issues regarding nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and adjuvant analgesics in dementia patients. It is therefore recommended to monitor both pain and potential side effects regularly. More research is necessary to provide better guidance for pain management in dementia. Show less
Gysels, M.; Cohen-Mansfield, J.; Achterberg, W.; Husebo, B.; Husebo, S. 2013
