Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.Objective:To examine the level of overestimation (LO), associated factors, and identify the group of severe overestimators, among recreational... Show moreSupplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.Objective:To examine the level of overestimation (LO), associated factors, and identify the group of severe overestimators, among recreational skiers.Design:Cross-sectional observational study.Setting:An intermediate difficulty slope in an artificial snow indoor ski hall, and one in the mountains (Flachau, Austria).Participants:Dutch recreational skiers.Independent Variables:Participants were asked to rate themselves (SRSS, self-reported skill score). While skiing downhill they were objectively evaluated by 2 expert assessors (OSS, observed skill score). Potential associated factors and predictors for severe overestimation were assessed by a questionnaire.Main outcome measures:The LO, calculated by subtracting the OSS from the SRSS, was categorized into "no," "mild," and "severe." Potential differences between these groups were analyzed, and regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with severe overestimation. To construct a profile of severe overestimators, the dataset was stratified based on 3 variables.Results:Overestimation was largely present (79.8%), and was severe in 32%. The LO decreased toward the more skilled skiers. Severe overestimators were mainly male, skied the least hours per day, were more avoidant, and showed the highest proportions of beginners and slightly advanced skiers. The profile of "severe overestimator" is characterized by physically unprepared males, avoidant for certain weather circumstances.Conclusions:Overestimation among recreational Dutch skiers is largely present, particularly among physically unprepared males, avoidant of certain snow and weather conditions. These features may function as a proxy to identify "severe overestimators" in comparable populations. Preventive strategies should focus to increase awareness particularly among these subjects. Show less
Meer, J. van der; Rood, Y.R. van; Wee, N.J. van der; Hollander-Gijsman, M. den; Noorden, M.S. van; Giltay, E.J.; Zitman, F.G. 2012
Aims: To describe the prevalence, demographic and clinical characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) compared with other psychiatric outpatients with a mood, anxiety or somatoform disorder.... Show moreAims: To describe the prevalence, demographic and clinical characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) compared with other psychiatric outpatients with a mood, anxiety or somatoform disorder. Method: Outpatients referred for treatment of a mood, anxiety or somatoform disorder were routinely assessed at intake. A structured interview (MINI-Plus), observer-based and self-rating instruments were administered by an independent assessor. Results: Among our sample of 3798 referred patients, 2947 patients were diagnosed with at least one DSM-IV mood, anxiety or somatoform disorder. Of these patients 1.8% (n = 54) met the diagnostic criteria for BDD. In comparison with other outpatients, patients with BDD were on average younger, less often married and were more often living alone. Highly prevalent comorbid diagnoses were major depression (in 46.3% of cases), social anxiety disorder (in 35.2% of cases) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (in 16.7% of cases). Furthermore, patients with BDD had higher scores on the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) as well as lower scores on the Short Form 36 social role functioning. Conclusion: BDD is frequently associated with depression, social phobia and OCD. Patients with BDD have more distress and more impaired interpersonal functioning. Show less
Wardenaar, K.J.; Veen, T. van; Giltay, E.J.; Hollander-Gijsman, M. den; Penninx, B.W.J.H.; Zitman, F.G. 2010
Background: The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self Report (IDS-SR) is a widely used but heterogeneous measure of depression severity. Insight in its factor structure and dimensionality... Show moreBackground: The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self Report (IDS-SR) is a widely used but heterogeneous measure of depression severity. Insight in its factor structure and dimensionality could help to develop more homogeneous IDS-SR subscales. However previous factoranalytical studies have found mixed results, Therefore. the present study tested which factor structure underlies the IDS-SR and, in addition, if the factors can be used as unidimensional subscales. Methods: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done to identify the best-fitting factor structure. The study sample consisted of 2600 individuals (mean age 40.5 +/- 12.1). We assessed model fit in 4 groups: 957 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients, 450 remitted MOD patients, 570 patients with an anxiety disorder and 623 healthy controls to test the consistency of model fit. Rasch analyses in the full sample were used to evaluate and optimize the unidimensionality and psychometric quality of the factors. Results: CFA indicated that a 3-factor model fits the IDS-SR data best and is consistent across groups, with a 'mood/cognition' factor, an 'anxiety/arousal' factor and a 'sleep' factor. In addition, Rasch analyses indicated that the 'mood/cognition' and 'anxiety/arousal' factors could be optimized to be used as unidimensional subscales. Limitations: The fit of only 4 models was tested, ranging from a 1- to 4-factor model. Conclusions: The IDS-SR is a heterogeneous instrument with a multifactorial underlying structure. It is possible to measure more homogeneous symptomatology with IDS-SR subscales, which could be useful in clinical practice and scientific research. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Show less
Wardenaar, K.J.; Veen, T. van; Giltay, E.J.; Hollander-Gijsman, M. den; Penninx, B.W.J.H.; Zitman, F.G. 2010
BACKGROUND: The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self Report (IDS-SR) is a widely used but heterogeneous measure of depression severity. Insight in its factor structure and dimensionality... Show moreBACKGROUND: The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self Report (IDS-SR) is a widely used but heterogeneous measure of depression severity. Insight in its factor structure and dimensionality could help to develop more homogeneous IDS-SR subscales. However previous factoranalytical studies have found mixed results. Therefore, the present study tested which factor structure underlies the IDS-SR and, in addition, if the factors can be used as unidimensional subscales. METHODS: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done to identify the best-fitting factor structure. The study sample consisted of 2600 individuals (mean age 40.5+/-12.1). We assessed model fit in 4 groups: 957 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients, 450 remitted MDD patients, 570 patients with an anxiety disorder and 623 healthy controls to test the consistency of model fit. Rasch analyses in the full sample were used to evaluate and optimize the unidimensionality and psychometric quality of the factors. RESULTS: CFA indicated that a 3-factor model fits the IDS-SR data best and is consistent across groups, with a 'mood/cognition' factor, an 'anxiety/arousal' factor and a 'sleep' factor. In addition, Rasch analyses indicated that the 'mood/cognition' and 'anxiety/arousal' factors could be optimized to be used as unidimensional subscales. LIMITATIONS: The fit of only 4 models was tested, ranging from a 1- to 4-factor model. CONCLUSIONS: The IDS-SR is a heterogeneous instrument with a multifactorial underlying structure. It is possible to measure more homogeneous symptomatology with IDS-SR subscales, which could be useful in clinical practice and scientific research. Show less
