Aims: Aripiprazole is one of the most commonly prescribed antipsychotic drugs to children and adolescents worldwide, but it is associated with serious side-effects, including weight gain. This... Show moreAims: Aripiprazole is one of the most commonly prescribed antipsychotic drugs to children and adolescents worldwide, but it is associated with serious side-effects, including weight gain. This study assessed the population pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole and its active metabolite and investigated the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and body mass index (BMI) in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and behavioural problems. Secondary outcomes were metabolic, endocrine, extrapyramidal and cardiac side-effects and drug effectiveness. Methods: Twenty-four children and adolescents (15 males, 9 females) aged 6-18 years were included in a 24-week prospective observational trial. Drug plasma concentrations, side-effects and drug effectiveness were measured at several time points during follow-up. Relevant pharmacokinetic covariates, including CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) genotypes, were determined. Nonlinear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM (R)) was used for a population pharmacokinetic analysis with 92 aripiprazole and 91 dehydro-aripiprazole concentrations. Subsequently, model-based trough concentrations, maximum concentrations and 24-h area under the curves (AUCs) were analysed to predict outcomes using generalized and linear mixed-effects models. Results: For both aripiprazole and dehydro-aripiprazole, one-compartment models best described the measured concentrations, with albumin and BMI as significant covariates. Of all the pharmacokinetic parameters, higher sum (aripiprazole plus dehydro-aripiprazole) trough concentrations best predicted higher BMI z-scores (P < .001) and higher Hb1Ac levels (P = .03) during follow-up. No significant association was found between sum concentrations and effectiveness. Conclusions: Our results indicate a threshold with regard to safety, which suggests that therapeutic drug monitoring of aripiprazole could potentially increase safety in children and adolescents with ASD and behavioural problems. Show less
Aim Risperidone is the most commonly prescribed antipsychotic drug to children and adolescents worldwide, but it is associated with serious side effects, including weight gain. This study assessed... Show moreAim Risperidone is the most commonly prescribed antipsychotic drug to children and adolescents worldwide, but it is associated with serious side effects, including weight gain. This study assessed the relationship of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone trough concentrations, maximum concentrations and 24-hour area under the curves (AUCs) with body mass index (BMI)z-scores in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and behavioural problems. Secondary outcomes were metabolic, endocrine, extrapyramidal and cardiac side effects and effectiveness. Methods Forty-two children and adolescents (32 males) aged 6-18 years were included in a 24-week prospective observational trial. Drug plasma concentrations, side effects and effectiveness were measured at several time points during follow-up. Relevant pharmacokinetic covariates, including medication adherence andCYP2D6,CYP3A4,CYP3A5and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) genotypes, were measured. Nonlinear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM (R)) was used for a population pharmacokinetic analysis with 205 risperidone and 205 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations. Subsequently, model-based trough concentrations, maximum concentrations and 24-hour AUCs were analysed to predict outcomes using generalized and linear mixed-effects models. Results A risperidone two-compartment model combined with a 9-hydroxyrisperidone one-compartment model best described the measured concentrations. Of all the pharmacokinetic parameters, higher risperidone sum trough concentrations best predicted higher BMIz-scores during follow-up (P< .001). Higher sum trough concentrations also predicted more sedation (P< .05), higher prolactin levels (P< .001) and more effectiveness measured with Aberrant Behavior Checklist irritability score (P< .01). Conclusion Our results indicate a therapeutic window exists, which suggests that therapeutic drug monitoring of risperidone might increase safety and effectiveness in children and adolescents with ASD and behavioural problems. Show less
Uijlenbroek, J.J.M.; Dijkstra, G.S.A.; Meer, F.M. van der; Berg, C.F. van den; Van, Kuik F.; Voet, J. van der; ... ; Kusiak, L. 2016
