This paper documents and assesses productive employment policies in Kenya. The main objective being to reflect on the current state of affairs, identify constraints and gaps among these policies.... Show moreThis paper documents and assesses productive employment policies in Kenya. The main objective being to reflect on the current state of affairs, identify constraints and gaps among these policies. The paper is mainly based on desk-top research which reviews available literature and policy papers on employment in Kenya since independence in 1963 in order to determine how these policies have impacted on productive employment in Kenya.The paper argues that the primary challenge in the labor market in Kenya is not unemployment per se but rather lack of productive employment and decent work among the poor population given that most of the population works in the informal sector. This population working in the informal sector tends to be vulnerable and has low productivity and low earnings, which effectively undermine the efforts for inclusive and sustainable growth. We use the framework related to productive employment to document and analyze different policies. While employment creation has been central in all government policies, the focus has largely been on increasing the number as opposed to the quality of employment creation. It is for this reason the informal economy has remained the main contributor of employment opportunities. Apparently jobs in the informal sector tend to be largely casual, temporary, low wage, and without effective job security.The Agriculture and Manufacturing sectors have potential for creating employment but again the nature of jobs in these two sectors remain largely casual which compromises on productive employment. To promote productive employment, these sectors require increased funding and establishment of stakeholders’ consultative forums. There is also the need to attract FDI most of which come with better terms of employment compared to indigenous investments. Show less
This paper critiques the rise of Dangote Cement plc to become the dominant player in the Nigerian cement industry. Although the close relationship between the company's founder, Aliko Dangote, and... Show moreThis paper critiques the rise of Dangote Cement plc to become the dominant player in the Nigerian cement industry. Although the close relationship between the company's founder, Aliko Dangote, and subsequent Nigerian governments has been an important factor in this success story, we argue that it is not the only explanatory variable. Dangote's entrepreneurial skills and understanding of the Nigerian political and economic environment enabled him to proactively predict and exploit the rapid increase in demand for cement in the country. The reluctance of most multinational cement companies to increase their investments in Nigeria - a consequence of the ever increasing international scrutiny of business ethics especially in corruption prone countries - also helped reduce the competition and investment risks for Dangote Cement. Show less
Akinyoade, A.; Damen, J.C.M.; Dietz, A.J.; Kilama, B.B.; Omme, G. van 2014
Africa's population has grown extremely rapidly over the last fifty years from 289 million inhabitants in 1961 to more than 1 billion today. This is a growth rate of 350% in just half a century... Show moreAfrica's population has grown extremely rapidly over the last fifty years from 289 million inhabitants in 1961 to more than 1 billion today. This is a growth rate of 350% in just half a century and the number of urban residents has increased even more quickly: from 65 million in 1960 to 460 million today, or from 20% to 46% of the population as a whole. Demographers predict that soon more than 50% of all Africans will be living in cities. The average life expectancy, literacy rates and primary-school attendance figures in Africa have also all increased spectacularly. And today there are large numbers of relatively healthy, well-educated young people with a more international view of the world. Changes in the structure of Africa's population are evident in the continent's population pyramid. A 'youth bulge' can be seen in Southern Africa's population statistics, with those aged between 10 and 30 far outnumbering those in the 0-10 age group and those over 30 years of age. In other parts of Africa, and for Africa as a whole, the population statistics still have a pyramid structure and have not yet created the sort of onion shape seen in Southern Africa. The expectation is, however, that a declining birth rate across Africa over the next few decades will lead to a change in the continent's population structure and there will be a relatively high number of 10-30 year olds compared to other parts of the world. The fact that there are so many youth in Africa today and that they are much better educated than their parents ever were is having a big impact on the labour market. The youth are starting to feel disillusioned about the lack of job opportunities and are realizing that their (reasonably good) level of education is not going to allow them direct or easy access to greater prosperity and a better life. Show less
Akinyoade, A.; Damen, J.C.M.; Dietz, A.J.; Kilama, B.B.; Omme, G. van 2011
De bevolking van het Afrikaanse continent is de laatste vijftig jaar extreem snel gegroeid, van 289 miljoen inwoners in 1961 tot meer dan 1 miljard op dit moment. Dat is een groei van 350% in een... Show moreDe bevolking van het Afrikaanse continent is de laatste vijftig jaar extreem snel gegroeid, van 289 miljoen inwoners in 1961 tot meer dan 1 miljard op dit moment. Dat is een groei van 350% in een halve eeuw. Het aantal stedelingen is nog veel sneller gegroeid: van 65 miljoen (20%) in 1960 tot 460 miljoen (46%) nu, en spoedig, zo is de verwachting van demografen, zal meer dan 50% van alle Afrikanen in een stad wonen. De gemiddelde levensverwachting in Afrika, de alfabetisatiegraad en de deelname aan het lager onderwijs zijn ook allemaal spectaculair gestegen. En er zijn nu relatief heel veel gezonde, redelijk goed opgeleide jongeren met een sterk toegenomen 'blik naar buiten'.De veranderingen in de bevolkingsopbouw van Afrika beginnen zichtbaar te worden in de bevolkingspiramides. Voor zuidelijk Afrika is al een echte 'jongerenbult' (youth bulge) te zien, waarbij de leeftijdsgroepen van 10 tot 30 jaar groter zijn dan die van de 0-10 jarigen en van de groepen boven de 30. Voor de andere delen van Afrika en voor Afrika als geheel is het nog steeds zo dat de grafiek nog de vorm heeft van een piramide en nog niet die van een ui, maar de verwachting van demografen is dat in de komende decennia ook voor overig Afrika sprake zal zijn van een afnemend geboorteaantal en dus van een structuurverandering in de bevolking. Ook voor die delen van Afrika geldt overigens al dat er relatief erg veel 10-30-jarigen zijn, vergeleken bij alle andere delen van de huidige wereldbevolking. Het feit dat er relatief zo veel 10-30-jarigen zijn en dat zovelen van hen nu aanzienlijk beter opgeleid zijn dan hun ouders geeft een grote druk op de arbeidsmarkt, waarbij veel jongeren teleurgesteld constateren dat ze ondanks hun onderwijsniveau geen toegang lijken te krijgen tot een grotere welvaart en tot een beter leven. Show less
