The current study provides a comprehensive view of the legal and political context in which these instruments were designed, with explanations about their content and recommendations for any future... Show moreThe current study provides a comprehensive view of the legal and political context in which these instruments were designed, with explanations about their content and recommendations for any future amendments. It considers the first initiatives taken by the Commission and the Council on these issues before the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam and also reviews proposals submitted by NGOs that have played a substantial role in the debate. Furthermore, documentation of the various European institutions on the negotiations surrounding the adoption of the texts in question as well as trends in case law are carefully examined. The study aims to answer the following questions: To what extent does the normative content of the guidelines allow a difference in treatment between EU migrants and Non EU migrants, does it give binding force to the obligations of Member States, and provide judicial certainty to stakeholders? Show less
Pastoralists and the city: Fulani herders in Benin in an urbanising and globalising era At present, the pastoralists mode of production in Africa is under increased ecological, political and... Show morePastoralists and the city: Fulani herders in Benin in an urbanising and globalising era At present, the pastoralists mode of production in Africa is under increased ecological, political and economic pressure. In the past 30 years political marginalisation, economic integration into markets leading to increased competition, and ecological degradation of pastures have resulted in dramatic shifts in pastoralism. In West Africa, it has been noticed that since the 1970s pastoralism is increasingly dominated by cities. Firstly, increased market integration has resulted in dependence on and orientation towards urban markets. Secondly, urbanities now own considerably parts of pastoralists (also called Fulani or Peul) herds. Thirdly, Fulani have increasingly moved to cities and towns. However, evidence is scattered and hardly any coherent research has been done on the modern relationship between pastoralists and the city in the present era of urbanisation. Thus, the present research project on Pastoralists and the city in Benin will explore the urban livelihood of Fulani and the niches they have found to sustain and expand their livelihood. Moreover, it will look into the possibility how and where they could improve their access to livelihood opportunities, including those created by government interventions Show less
In Palestine during the British Mandate, the act of language is an instrument for political and religious institutions, and a reflection of the dialectic relationship between dominant and dominated... Show moreIn Palestine during the British Mandate, the act of language is an instrument for political and religious institutions, and a reflection of the dialectic relationship between dominant and dominated parties, at a time when the loss of the Catholic French protectorate in the Holy Land to Great Britain is being confirmed. Founded by the Brothers of the Christian Schools in 1876, one of the oldest educational institutions in the city, the Coll_ge des Fr_res occupies an exceptional position in the heart of the Christian Quarter of the Old City (gradually and quickly opened for all communities present in the city). Its case underscores the cultural and linguistic policies of the two rival mandatory powers of the region (through exclusion, inversion, and distribution of new functions) and it sheds light on some aspects of the use of French in this society. Language reflects the interdependence around the College, the complexity of the relationships between language and religion, a nd language and identity. The College shows a remarkable resilience and adaptability throughout its existence, even as its development slows down. Show less
Deze studie biedt een gedetailleerde analyse van vier teksten van de Franstalige Afrikaanse schrijver Tierno Monénembo (Guinee, 1947). Mijn voornaamste doel daarbij was om een bijdrage te leveren... Show moreDeze studie biedt een gedetailleerde analyse van vier teksten van de Franstalige Afrikaanse schrijver Tierno Monénembo (Guinee, 1947). Mijn voornaamste doel daarbij was om een bijdrage te leveren aan de bredere wetenschappelijke discussie omtrent de identiteitsproblematiek binnen de Franstalige Afrikaanse literatuur. Een dergelijk onderzoek is bijzonder relevant in de huidige context, omdat Franstalige Afrikaanse teksten steeds minder als één homogene groep worden gezien, en steeds vaker tot verschillende literaire categorieën worden gerekend, met name tot de nieuwe “migrantenliteratuur”. In dit kader worden vragen over de eigen identiteit, of positie, van Franstalige Afrikaanse literatuur, alsook over het belang van zo’n categorie, steeds dringender. Het tweede doel van dit onderzoek was om Franstalige Afrikaanse teksten te bestuderen vanuit een postkoloniaal perspectief. Daarmee hoopte ik een bijdrage te leveren aan de openstelling van Franse literaire studies voor de postkoloniale theorie. Uiteindelijk is gebleken dat zo’n postkoloniale benadering nieuwe inzichten brengt in het werk van Monénembo, alsook, op een breder niveau, in het Franstalige literaire systeem. Show less
