This study discusses the history of a regional cooperation framework, the SIJORI Growth Triangle with a focus on the mutual economic connections between Singapore, Johor and the Riau Islands.... Show moreThis study discusses the history of a regional cooperation framework, the SIJORI Growth Triangle with a focus on the mutual economic connections between Singapore, Johor and the Riau Islands. These long-exiting connections formed the initial shape of local networks which were enlarged, intensified and diversified especially after 1870s, not only economically, but also socially and politically. This study hence provides a survey of two kinds of integration of the growth triangle in the dimension of socio-political evolution, trade, shipping and capital movements from 1870 to 1970: 1. internal integration with the growth triangle; 2. external integration with the world within a wider process of globalization. Show less
The interactions between proteins are of central importance for virtually every process in a living cell. It has long been a mystery how two proteins associate to form a complex in a complicated... Show moreThe interactions between proteins are of central importance for virtually every process in a living cell. It has long been a mystery how two proteins associate to form a complex in a complicated cellular context. Recently, it was found that an intermediate state called encounter state, of a protein complex, exists briefly before a final protein complex is formed. In the encounter state, one protein is rolling over on the surface of its partner, searching for the optimal orientation. In my PhD thesis, a transient electron transfer complex formed between a heme protein and an iron-sulfur protein was found to be trapped in this intermediate state, existing as a pure encounter complex. Thus, characterization of this dynamic complex by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy advances our understanding of the general mechanism of protein-protein interaction Show less
