Autisme en veilige gehechtheid Men heeft lang gedacht dat kinderen met autisme, door hun problemen in sociale interacties en communicatie, niet in staat zijn om een emotionele band te ontwikkelen... Show moreAutisme en veilige gehechtheid Men heeft lang gedacht dat kinderen met autisme, door hun problemen in sociale interacties en communicatie, niet in staat zijn om een emotionele band te ontwikkelen met hun ouders, met andere woorden zich te hechten aan hun ouders. Empirisch onderzoek heeft echter laten zien dat kinderen met autisme wel degelijk gehechtheidsgedrag laten zien (Buitelaar, 1995). Uit onze meta-analyse bleek dat kinderen met autisme wel minder vaak veilig gehecht zijn dan kinderen zonder autisme. Dat geldt echter alleen voor kinderen met strikt gedefinieerd autisme en kinderen met autisme en een verstandelijke beperking. Het observeren van gehechtheid in een natuurlijke situatie heeft verschillende voordelen. De Attachment Q-sort (AQS; Vaughn & Waters, 1990; Waters, 1995) is ontwikkeld voor thuisobservatie van gehechtheid bij 'normale' kinderen, maar gebruik ervan bij kinderen met autisme blijkt gerechtvaardigd op grond van een studie onder 59 experts. Uit de literatuur komt naar voren dat de opvoeding van kinderen met autisme een groot beroep doet op de ouders. In onze studie bleek echter dat ouders van kinderen met autisme goed lijken om te kunnen gaan met de uitdagingen die gepaard gaan met het opvoeden van hun kind met autisme. Show less
The general objective of this thesis was to test the effectiveness of an early intervention program aimed at reducing externalizing problems in 1- to 3-year-old children by enhancing parental... Show moreThe general objective of this thesis was to test the effectiveness of an early intervention program aimed at reducing externalizing problems in 1- to 3-year-old children by enhancing parental sensitivity and adequate discipline strategies. A new intervention was designed for this study: the Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD) The study consisted of a screening phase in a general population sample (N = 2408) and a randomized case-control intervention phase in a selected subsample of children with high levels of externalizing behavior problems (n = 237). The results of this thesis show that externalizing problems occur in children as young as 1 year of age and are moderately predictive of externalizing problems one year later. Furthermore, child temperament appears to be a moderator in the association between maternal discipline strategies and externalizing problems. Children with difficult temperaments are more susceptible to both negative discipline (i.e., showing more externalizing problems) and positive discipline (i.e., showing less externalizing problems) compared to children with relatively easy temperaments. Finally, the VIPP-SD intervention was effective in improving maternal attitudes towards sensitivity and sensitive discipline, enhancing actual maternal sensitive discipline practices, and decreasing the children's level of overactive behaviors. Show less
Children as young as three years old succeed in imitating adult writing. About a hundred years ago, Alexander Luria’s case studies suggested that to denote meaning 6-year-olds’ scribbles include... Show moreChildren as young as three years old succeed in imitating adult writing. About a hundred years ago, Alexander Luria’s case studies suggested that to denote meaning 6-year-olds’ scribbles include figurative devices such as color or number: a black scribble for ‘smoke’ and four small strokes to represent four little chicks. In our literate society, children as young as four years old use symbols such as letters and numbers. Writing begins with emotionally charged words: the child’s own name or mama. Letters from those words influence how children write unknown words. They compose letter strings (randomly ordered symbols) with letters from these names. Surprisingly name letters also give the initial impetus to phonetic spelling. When children begin to invent partly correct spellings, they start with representing the first letter of their proper name phonetically. Show less
The first study of this thesis (Chapter 2) showed that the majority of the internationally adopted children are well adjusted, although a relatively large minority of adopted children had behavior... Show moreThe first study of this thesis (Chapter 2) showed that the majority of the internationally adopted children are well adjusted, although a relatively large minority of adopted children had behavior problems of clinical significance or were referred to mental health services compared with non-adopted children. Nevertheless, adoption may often be the best solution for a child who would otherwise be raised in an institution or in other adverse environments (see also Juffer, 2002; Van IJzendoorn et al., 2005). The second and third study (Chapters 3 and 4) showed several longitudinal and concurrent influences on the behavioral and social development of adopted adolescents. The second study (Chapter 3) showed that early-onset delinquency was associated with stress hyporeactivity. The differentiation between delinquency and aggression, and between childhood-onset and adolescence-onset delinquency (Moffitt, 1993) appeared to be important for our understanding of the development of externalizing problem behaviors. The third study (Chapter 4) showed that individual development from infancy through middle childhood to adolescence was rather stable and that concurrent environmental experiences and child characteristics were essential influences on middle childhood and adolescent social development. Early parent-child relationships did not determine in final form social development in adolescence, but they provided the basis for healthy social development through the influence on earlier social development, even in the absence of genetic similarities between children and parents. Bowlby__s (1973, 1980) thesis that adaptation is always a product of both developmental history and current circumstances was supported. Show less
