Er zijn vijf modellen voor de relatie tussen staat en religie. Deze zijn: 1) Politieke atheïsme; 2) Politieke agnosticisme; 3) Multiculturalisme; 4) Staatskerk en 5) Theocratie. Het model van het... Show moreEr zijn vijf modellen voor de relatie tussen staat en religie. Deze zijn: 1) Politieke atheïsme; 2) Politieke agnosticisme; 3) Multiculturalisme; 4) Staatskerk en 5) Theocratie. Het model van het politieke agnosticisme staat voor de behandeling van - of negeren van - alle religies en niet-religies op gelijke voet: de staat neemt uit principe geen standpunt in vóór of tegen religie en (on)gelovigen. Multiculturalisme, daarentegen, richt zich op een positieve behandeling van minderheden. Het proefschrift richt zich op het tweede model, multiculturalisme, en op het vijfde model, theocratie. De onderzoeksvraag is: wat zijn de implicaties van de politieke ideologieën van het multiculturalisme en Islamitisch fundamentalisme? En, meer in het bijzonder, wat is de verhouding tussen deze ideologieën als het gaat om het debat over de legitimiteit van Shariaraden in het Verenigd Koninkrijk? Show less
Most proteins and their complexes are flexible and dynamic in solution, occupying several conformations over time. Therefore, complex formation can be thought of as following a trajectory along... Show moreMost proteins and their complexes are flexible and dynamic in solution, occupying several conformations over time. Therefore, complex formation can be thought of as following a trajectory along which a loosely associated, weakly interacting encounter complex acts to pre-orient the binding partners before they proceed to the final stereo-specific state. Encounter complexes often play a large role for complexes that must balance a biological requirement for a high turnover rate with the necessity of forming a specific interaction. This is particularly the case for electron transfer complexes, such as the complex between yeast cytochrome c (Cc) and cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP). The work described in this thesis focuses on the use of paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study dynamic (transient) protein complexes, using the Cc-CcP complex as a model. Paramagnetic NMR has proven to be an extremely powerful technique for studying lowly populated states such as those of the encounter complex. It relies on the magnetic effects generated by an unpaired electron within a paramagnetic centre that disturb the local magnetic field experienced by nearby nuclei. This results in measureable changes in the NMR signals from which distance and orientation information for protein structure modelling can be extracted. Show less
Current energy-sources in the form of fossil fuels are quickly being depleted, while the demand of energy by society is increasing. In order to sustain this growth in energy demand, alternatives... Show moreCurrent energy-sources in the form of fossil fuels are quickly being depleted, while the demand of energy by society is increasing. In order to sustain this growth in energy demand, alternatives for the production of energy in a usable form are needed. One of such alternatives is to employ photocatalysis in order to use sunlight for the production of chemical fuels such as for example H2 or methanol. For the production of fuels, electrons are required that can be obtained by oxidizing water, as done by nature in a process called photosynthesis. The work in this thesis was inspired by this natural process; photosensitizers and water-oxidation catalysts were bound to lipid bilayers and their ability to photocatalytically oxidize water was studied in different conditions. The anchoring of compounds to a lipid bilayer leads to large differences in reactivity compared to homogeneous systems. In some cases, even the mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction changed upon membrane-anchoring of the constituents. In general, detailed experiments are described that fully characterize photocatalytic systems, because the mechanism of a reaction involving two different catalytic species is not straight-forward, and cannot be described by a single set of turn-over numbers. Show less
This dissertation presents findings on book ownership in Ottoman Sarajevo based on the examination of 59 inheritance inventories recorded in the city court registers (sijills) for the period from... Show moreThis dissertation presents findings on book ownership in Ottoman Sarajevo based on the examination of 59 inheritance inventories recorded in the city court registers (sijills) for the period from 1707 to 1828. It includes a case study of one particular book owner, kadi Ṣāliḥ ‘Izzat Ḥromozāde from Sarajevo, who endowed his book collection in 1828. The findings are placed in the wider social and cultural context of Ottoman Bosnia and the questions of literacy, education, the role of libraries, informal channels for the transmission of knowledge, the use of different languages and scripts, the role of scribes and bookbinders in a largely manuscript culture, and the introduction of print. The dissertation draws on the manuscript of the Chronicle of Mullā Muṣṭafā Basheskī (d. cca 1802), as the major narrative source for the period. It also gathers and presents the references to written culture in Bosnian oral poetry and various folk customs revolving around the use of books in order to illustrate one of the many interfaces between the written and spoken word and to demonstrate the range of functions books could play in a largely oral and illiterate society. Show less
The central question in this book is whether there is a human right to family unification. This book identifies the key elements of the right to family unification. By investigating different... Show moreThe central question in this book is whether there is a human right to family unification. This book identifies the key elements of the right to family unification. By investigating different sources of international, European and domestic law, it assesses whether and how the different legal systems involved affect each other in shaping the right to family unification. By identifying the key elements of the right to family unification, the book can be an important source for immigration lawyers, policy makers and scholars. Show less
This book presents the results of a research about the Islamic courts of Cianjur in West Java, and Bulukumba in South Sulawesi and the role they play in local divorce practices. It addresses... Show moreThis book presents the results of a research about the Islamic courts of Cianjur in West Java, and Bulukumba in South Sulawesi and the role they play in local divorce practices. It addresses questions which not only enhance our understanding of how Islamic courts in Indonesia work, but also of how Islamic courts through their everyday adjudication processes have the potential to transform societal norms based in national family law, Islamic law and customary law. What is the history of the Islamic courts in both districts and what are its consequences for their position in the local community? What role do the Islamic courts play in protecting women’s divorce rights? How do they perform with regard to spousal support, child support and marital property and why? How do the Islamic courts treat women’s and men’s claims? How has Indonesian family law for Muslims developed and what is the role of the Islamic courts in this development? How are Islamic courts positioned in Indonesia’s nation-building project? This book attempts to provide answers to those questions by exploring the Islamic courts’ institutional history in both districts, the development of the substantive law they apply, and the socio-cultural and economic aspects of divorce. Show less
The ECtHR needs to provide effective rights protection, but it also needs to set clear standards while showing deference to decisions made at the national level. Especially when socio-economic... Show moreThe ECtHR needs to provide effective rights protection, but it also needs to set clear standards while showing deference to decisions made at the national level. Especially when socio-economic issues are concerned, meeting these different demands is a challenging task. The thesis explores the possible use and added value of the notion of ‘core rights’ for the reasoning of the ECtHR in socio-economic cases. By means of a comparative study of the German Wesensgehaltsgarantie, the minimum core obligations related to the ICESCR, and the debate on the use of core rights for the protection of socio-economic rights under the South African Constitution, insights are gained on the possibilities and pitfalls inherent in this idea. On the basis thereof, a ‘core rights perspective’ is outlined that is tailored to the protection of socio-economic interests by the ECtHR. It is argued that this perspective allows the ECtHR to develop a principled approach to (positive) socio-economic claims that is characterised by a clear demarcation of the scope of the Convention and a focus on minimum guarantees. In this way the core rights perspective may help the ECtHR in leaving the necessary room for national laws and policies while ensuring robust socio-economic protection. Show less
The book sets out an analysis of how the law is used as a means to remove decision-making rights from people with mental health issues and people with intellectual disabilities. It explains how... Show moreThe book sets out an analysis of how the law is used as a means to remove decision-making rights from people with mental health issues and people with intellectual disabilities. It explains how international law can be used to repatriate these rights. Show less
Do Member States of the EU have a free hand in drafting Accession Treaties, or are there legal constraints on their primary law making function in this context? That is the central question this... Show moreDo Member States of the EU have a free hand in drafting Accession Treaties, or are there legal constraints on their primary law making function in this context? That is the central question this thesis addresses. It argues that such constraints do exist, and tries to identify them, thereby hoping to provide some insight into the nature of the EU legal order. The point of departure as well as the main focus of the study is the proposed permanent safeguard clause (PSC) on free movement of persons in the Negotiating Framework for Turkey. It is with reference to the PSC that legal provisions, rules, principles and norms that might constrain Member States as primary law makers in the context of accession are identified. The thesis examines constraints on Member States flowing from three levels: the pre-accession level, that is the existing legal framework around the EEC-Turkey Association Agreement (Part I); the accession process level, which is comprised of past practice and existing EU rules on enlargement (Part II); last but not least, the constitutional foundations of the Union (Part III), which constrain Member States whenever they act within the scope of Union law both as primary and secondary law makers. Show less
In the natural aquatic environment, different abiotic and biotic factors may affect the fate of pesticides, and the performance of organisms. The overall aim of this thesis was to study the effects... Show moreIn the natural aquatic environment, different abiotic and biotic factors may affect the fate of pesticides, and the performance of organisms. The overall aim of this thesis was to study the effects of pesticides on aquatic macrofauna in the field. Different approaches were used in research, including field sampling of aquatic macrofauna, in situ exposure experiments, and laboratory toxicity tests. Fieldwork was based in the flower bulb growing area of the Netherlands were pesticide concentrations in surface waters often exceed water quality standards. Show less
We have developed an integrated PK/PD model that adequately captures the disposition kinetics of benazeprilat, as well as the time-varying changes of systemic renin-angiotensin aldosterone (RAA)... Show moreWe have developed an integrated PK/PD model that adequately captures the disposition kinetics of benazeprilat, as well as the time-varying changes of systemic renin-angiotensin aldosterone (RAA) biomarkers without, and with ACE inhibition therapy. This mechanistic representation provides a quantitative framework for better understanding the effect of ACE inhibition on the RAAS in dogs, but also in humans. Our data show that benazepril influences the dynamics of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade, resulting in a profound but temporary decrease in angiotensin II (AII) and aldosterone (ALD), while increasing RA for about 24 hours. Based on recent literature in human heart failure (HF) patients (G_der et al., 2007), the reduction of AII and ALD may be one of the drivers of increased survival and improved quality of life in benazepril-treated dogs. To support and consolidate this hypothesis, additional efforts should be directed towards collection of circulating RAA peptides in spontaneous cases of canine HF. If such a link can be established, profiling of these peptides could support the determination of the severity of heart failure, complement clinical and echocardiographic findings, and be used for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. Show less
This study is presented in the form of a ‘thesis by publication’ comprising published journal articles and conference proceedings. The articles are thematically linked to the New Kingdom necropolis... Show moreThis study is presented in the form of a ‘thesis by publication’ comprising published journal articles and conference proceedings. The articles are thematically linked to the New Kingdom necropolis at Saqqara and grouped in three interrelated sections. This thesis sets as its main aim the study of the tombs, tomb owners and the use of sacred space in the New Kingdom necropolis at Saqqara by examining, as a point of departure, the sources pertaining to the early exploration of the necropolis. In the first section, unpublished archival material pertaining to the early, mid-Nineteenth Century exploration of the necropolis is studied. This includes the photographs taken by Théodule Devéria at Saqqara in 1859 capturing monuments that are today “lost”. Investigations into the collection histories of the individual objects enable a reconstruction of the history of dismantling the tombs. The second section examines the inscriptional sources that offer biographical information about the early Nineteenth Dynasty tomb owners. The officials’ titles constitute the main data of research in this section. The rationale of the tombs’ spatial distribution is analysed by combining information pertaining to groups of officials covering a longer period of time and extending over the whole necropolis. The titles are also used to study aspects of the administration of the city, Memphis, and its temples. The final section examines the actual use of the necropolis and the tombs therein. Due to the activities of the early explorers, few archaeological traces pertaining to past activities have remained for us to study in situ. The figural and textual graffiti that were left on the tombs’ stone elements offer the main data for research. Show less
