This dissertation explores the United Nations' comprehensive approach to managing the Israel-Arab Conflict from 1967 to 1982, presenting a shift from examining peace operations as isolated efforts... Show moreThis dissertation explores the United Nations' comprehensive approach to managing the Israel-Arab Conflict from 1967 to 1982, presenting a shift from examining peace operations as isolated efforts to viewing them as interconnected elements of a broader peace architecture. It introduces a critical analysis of the roles played by the Office of Special Political Affairs and the Office of Chief Coordinator of Peacekeeping in the Middle East, arguing that these entities were pivotal in forming a cohesive strategy despite the static mandates of individual peace missions. The research spans six chapters, starting with a historical overview of the UN’s peacekeeping framework since 1948, setting the groundwork for understanding the conflict and the evolution of peacekeeping entities. It then delves into Inter-Operation Collaboration (IOC) and the Secretariat’s political maneuvering, highlighting the impact of significant events like the Camp David Accords and the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. These events marked a shift in focus from state-centric to Israeli-Palestinian issues, challenging the UN’s influence. The conclusion assesses the UN’s role in shaping the diplomatic and security landscape of the region, underlining the organization's contributions and limitations in fostering peace and stability amidst a complex geopolitical scenario. This research offers valuable insights into the dynamics of UN peacekeeping operations in regional conflicts. Show less
The subject of the dissertation is the investigation and mapping of Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, the founder of “modern medicine” in Imperial Russia in the 19th century, Soviet Union and the Russian... Show moreThe subject of the dissertation is the investigation and mapping of Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, the founder of “modern medicine” in Imperial Russia in the 19th century, Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. Pirogov lived from 1810-1881 and is briefly and incorrectly only known in the world history of medicine as a military surgeon. He was a professor of applied anatomy and surgery from an early age, being the first to administer anaesthesia (ether) on the battlefield in the Caucasus during the summer of 1847. He was above all a scientist and teacher. He was also a member and correspondent of the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences, and forerunner of the International Red Cross. He wrote many (text)books with different disciplines as subject. Research shows that he is a late student of the Leiden Medical School from the 18th century.The question is: why is Herman Boerhaave, who lived in the late 17th – early 18th century, more famous than Nikolay I. Pirogov, who lived in the 19th century from 1810-1881. Show less
De primaire focus van dit proefschrift is het onderzoeken van de politieke ideeën van BG Tilak (1856-1920), de congres-extremistische leider van de Indiase nationalistische beweging en, in het... Show moreDe primaire focus van dit proefschrift is het onderzoeken van de politieke ideeën van BG Tilak (1856-1920), de congres-extremistische leider van de Indiase nationalistische beweging en, in het proces, de politieke en intellectuele geschiedenis van Maharashtra en India te reconstrueren tijdens de late 19e en begin 20e eeuw. Deze dissertatie daagt de oudere stijlfiguur uit die Tilak binnen de reikwijdte van de meerderheid van de hindoe-nationalistische politiek plaatst. Het plaatst zijn sociale conservatisme in de heersende sociale overtuigingen van en liturgische lezingen aangeboden door de laat 19e-eeuwse Marathi openbare intellectuelen. De belangrijkste agenda van Tilak was de creatie van een gecollectiviseerd en geradicaliseerd hindoe-zelf, geponeerd tegen het Britse kolonialisme. Zijn creatieve versmelting van moderne westerse historische exegese met Sanskriet kennissystemen in het pleiten voor hoge oudheid voor de Arische beschaving worden onderzocht. Zijn commentaar op de Bhagavad Gītā bood een infusie van ethische principes in massaal politiek activisme. Tilak slaagde erin om provinciale parochialisme ten opzichte van pan-nationale identiteiten te verminderen. Ten slotte stelt dit proefschrift dat het nationalistische ideaal van Tilak beperkt was tot Svarājya of Zelfbeschikking voor India binnen het Britse Gemenebest. Show less
This work attempts to understand Spanish colonial intercultural interactions in the early colonial period by compiling and analyzing data related to how these occurred at Concepción de la Vega,... Show moreThis work attempts to understand Spanish colonial intercultural interactions in the early colonial period by compiling and analyzing data related to how these occurred at Concepción de la Vega, one of the first settlements on the island of Hispaniola, in present-day Dominican Republic, using a Decolonial, Post-Processual, approach.The archaeological site associated to Concepción de la Vega, La Vega Vieja, was chosen as a study site because it was one of the earliest and most affluent Spanish settlements in the Americas. Research about the site offered the opportunity to assess some of the earliest Spanish, Amerindian and African entanglements and interactions in the Americas. Additionally, the site of La Vega Vieja has a tightly dated context (1495 to 1564) with no large, subsequent, occupation until the 20th century. The combination of both historical and archaeological data about Concepción de la Vega can help create a better understanding of the process through which the Spanish-American cultural tradition was created, and later disseminated, to the rest of Latin America.The research presented here focuses on the use of all artifacts (not just ceramics) as opposed to artifact manufacture chaine opératoire. It will focus particularly on use in nondomestic areas. This will be more in keeping with new trends in archaeological research, focusing more on problem solving, as opposed to a more chronological or typological approach. Show less
In Luganda, the widest spoken minority language in Uganda, the word for photographs is 'ebifananyi'. However, 'ebifananyi' does not, contrary to the etymology of the word photographs, relate to... Show moreIn Luganda, the widest spoken minority language in Uganda, the word for photographs is 'ebifananyi'. However, 'ebifananyi' does not, contrary to the etymology of the word photographs, relate to light writings. 'Ebifananyi' instead means things that look like something else. 'Ebifananyi' are likenesses. My research project explores the historical context of this particular conceptualisation of photographs and its consequences for present day visual culture in Uganda. It also discusses my artistic practice as research method, which led to the digitisation of numerous historical collections of photographs. This resulted in eight books and in exhibitions that took place in Uganda and in Europe. The research was conducted in collaboration with both human and non-human actors. These actors included photographs, their owners, Ugandan picture makers and visitors to the exhibitions that were organised in Uganda and Western Europe. This methodology led to insights into differences in the production and uses of, and into meanings given to, photographs in both Ugandan and Dutch contexts. Understanding differences between ebifananyi and photographs shapes the communication about photographs between Luganda and English speakers. Reflection on the conceptualisations languages offer for objects and for sensible aspects of the surrounding world helps prevent misunderstandings in communication in general. Show less
De Nederlandse fysicus Jaap Kistemaker slaagde er in 1952 voor de eerste keer in om uranium te verrijken. Dat was het begin van een lange reeks experimenten die er uiteindelijk voor zorgden dat... Show moreDe Nederlandse fysicus Jaap Kistemaker slaagde er in 1952 voor de eerste keer in om uranium te verrijken. Dat was het begin van een lange reeks experimenten die er uiteindelijk voor zorgden dat Nederland een sterspeler kon worden op de internationale markt voor verrijkt uranium. De ultracentrifugetechnologie stond aan de wieg van het consortium Urenco, een succesvol samenwerkingsverband tussen Duitsland, Engeland en Nederland. Jaap Kistemaker en uraniumverrijking in Nederland schetst de moeizame weg die Kistemaker af moest leggen. Geconfronteerd met geldnood, bureaucratie en verregaande geheimhouding ten tijde van de ontluikende Koude Oorlog, was het geen eenvoudige zaak om het project in de lucht te houden. Daarnaast toont het boek overtuigend aan dat wetenschap niet alleen afhankelijk is van toeval en doorzettingsvermogen, maar ook dat het natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek na de oorlog een ingrijpende transformatie onderging. Show less
This thesis traces and analyses the evolution of domestic space in Maltese vernacular and ‘polite’ houses from the medieval to contemporary times. The houses under study range from humble... Show more This thesis traces and analyses the evolution of domestic space in Maltese vernacular and ‘polite’ houses from the medieval to contemporary times. The houses under study range from humble buildings of modest size, materials and design, like farmhouses or those for the less affluent town-dwellers, to buildings of grand design, like townhouses and palazzi. Owing to the complex nature of the Maltese houses a combination of enquires and a variety of sources was necessary to achieve a holistic picture. This included fieldwork in different parts of the islands, extensive research work in local archives, libraries and museums, an analysis of a sample of literary sources, national censuses and works-of-art, as well as methods of spatial analysis (Space Syntax). Show less
Does society need armed forces? If so, what form should they take and what position should they hold in a democratic society? Critical conscripts, conscientious objectors, professional soldiers,... Show moreDoes society need armed forces? If so, what form should they take and what position should they hold in a democratic society? Critical conscripts, conscientious objectors, professional soldiers, civilians and antimilitarists posed these questions during the Cold War. This study investigates their criticism of and protest against the armed forces and national security and defense policy in the Netherlands between 1945 and 1989. It first examines how and why the critics of the armed forces questioned its form and existence. Secondly, this study looks into the Ministry of Defense's reaction to these critics. It explores how the ministry interpreted and responded to criticism and protest. The main question of this study is to what extent did the ministry believe that the criticism undermined the armed forces' legitimacy? Show less
Does society need armed forces? If so, what form should they take and what position should they hold in a democratic society? Critical conscripts, conscientious objectors, professional soldiers,... Show moreDoes society need armed forces? If so, what form should they take and what position should they hold in a democratic society? Critical conscripts, conscientious objectors, professional soldiers, civilians and antimilitarists posed these questions during the Cold War. This study investigates their criticism of and protest against the armed forces and national security and defense policy in the Netherlands between 1945 and 1989. It first examines how and why the critics of the armed forces questioned its form and existence. Secondly, this study looks into the Ministry of Defense's reaction to these critics. It explores how the ministry interpreted and responded to criticism and protest. The main question of this study is to what extent did the ministry believe that the criticism undermined the armed forces' legitimacy? Show less
This study presents a re-evaluation of Malay adventure stories. These narratives were found in a large part of Southeast Asia for at least three centuries until the beginning of the twentieth... Show moreThis study presents a re-evaluation of Malay adventure stories. These narratives were found in a large part of Southeast Asia for at least three centuries until the beginning of the twentieth century. By adopting a cross-disciplinary approach, it aims to show that Malay adventure stories were not the meaningless fairy tales that Western collectors and scholars have previously held them for. It is argued that instead, they were greatly connected, in various ways, to the socieyt they have sprung from. The second part of the study comprises an annotated edition and translation of the Malay adventure story, 'Story of Bahram Syah' Show less
This thesis examines how the process of social change in the area of Mwinilunga, a district in the north-western province of Zambia, was manifested between 1870 and 1970. The process of social... Show moreThis thesis examines how the process of social change in the area of Mwinilunga, a district in the north-western province of Zambia, was manifested between 1870 and 1970. The process of social change is examined by looking in detail at four aspects, namely production, mobility, consumption and social relationships. Social change has received much attention in Zambian historiography. The anthropologist Victor Turner linked social change in Mwinilunga District to settlement patterns, predicting a change from large concentric villages to small settlements along the roadside. This change in settlement patterns would be accompanied by changes in patterns of production (from subsistence to market production of cash crops), mobility (labour migration to urban areas), consumption (from locally manufactured to store-bought goods) and social relationships (from extended kinship to family nucleation and individualisation). Did such changes indeed occur, or was change more complex and non-linear? Show less
This thesis studies a selection of narrative works published in Argentina between 2001 and 2005, period known as post-crisis, which makes up a corpus denominated "the narrative of the youth"... Show moreThis thesis studies a selection of narrative works published in Argentina between 2001 and 2005, period known as post-crisis, which makes up a corpus denominated "the narrative of the youth" characterized by narrative accounts focused on the link between the young and their past. The analysis of the short story "Cría de Asesinos" and the novel Esto por ahora by Andrés Rivera, El origen de la tristeza by Pablo Ramos, Delivery by Alejandro Parisi and Perdida en el momento by Patricia Suárez, is carried out using methodological tools taken from the field of narratology considering these texts pay particular attention to the category of narrator. The narrative voice and others resources create narrations in which the distance or the appropriation of stories told by adults to the young heads to a reflexion about the narration itself. Seeing that the past is filled with unsolvable silences, the young try to make sense of what is unknown about oneself. In conclusion, the failures in the narration allow that each appropriation of the incomplete meanings finds a partial resolution in writing as a space for the antagonistic encounter between the subject and the narration of his life; between the narration and the history. Show less
This study of an indigenous community combines the use of archival documents with evidence from archaeological excavations to offer an anthropological analysis, drawing on the concepts of... Show moreThis study of an indigenous community combines the use of archival documents with evidence from archaeological excavations to offer an anthropological analysis, drawing on the concepts of dialogics, doxa, and practice to show how we can understand historically obscured people and histories. A network of pueblos de indios integrated themselves in colonial society in Honduras through service in a coastal watch, while resisting exploitation beyond the legal requirements of encomienda. The circulation of people between towns as spouses allowed for the sharing of colonial experiences and tactics of persistence. This network perpetuated indigenous practices, including the cultivation, circulation, and use of cacao, likely for ritual, and the use of chipped stone tools. Masca, later known as Candelaria, was one such indigenous town located in the district of San Pedro Sula. Its people identified as a community defined by the presence of their houses, church, agricultural fields, and cacao plantations. The community used a variety of techniques to persist under colonization until the nineteenth century. These included exploiting the colonial legal system, the continued use of indigenous family name by community elites, moving the entire community to avoid violence, and exploiting the casta system to change the perceived identity of individuals. Show less
The supervision on the coin production in the Republic of the Seven United Provinces and the supply of the smallest denominations (copper duits and silver 1 stuiver) in the province of Holland and... Show moreThe supervision on the coin production in the Republic of the Seven United Provinces and the supply of the smallest denominations (copper duits and silver 1 stuiver) in the province of Holland and West-Friesland in the 18th Century. With information on all the functions involved, illustrated by the official instructions issued by the States-General Show less
Centrale probleemstelling van deze studie is: of - en, zo ja - in hoeverre de Leidse medisch studenten zich toen rekenschap hebben gegeven van de hervorming van de geneeskunde in de negentiende... Show moreCentrale probleemstelling van deze studie is: of - en, zo ja - in hoeverre de Leidse medisch studenten zich toen rekenschap hebben gegeven van de hervorming van de geneeskunde in de negentiende eeuw. Deze vraag wordt onder meer c.q. in hoofdzaak beantwoord aan de hand van onderwijsverslagen in de Leidse studentenalmanak, en vanuit de notulen en andere rapportages van enkele Leidse studentengezelschappen. Show less
The thesis argues that contrary to the present opinion in the Yukon that there was little or no early Yukon First Nations art, there was in fact an established First Nations artistic tradition in... Show moreThe thesis argues that contrary to the present opinion in the Yukon that there was little or no early Yukon First Nations art, there was in fact an established First Nations artistic tradition in the Yukon before the coming of the white man and also into the early contact years. It is also the general belief of the people of the Yukon that the traditional art is the Northwest Coast Indian art even though there are very few examples of that art style seen before the mid-1980s. The thesis presents a case that the adoption of the Northwest Coast Indian art style is a recent development and has no roots in the early Yukon. Furthermore, the thesis describes what the problems are and how the early Yukon First Nations art almost vanished from the present day Yukon visual culture, what the early art looked like and how it was used. The thesis ends with a description of the situation in the present day Yukon. Because of the lack of historical resources this thesis now becomes the foundation for further research into the history of Yukon First Show less
Drift en koers (Passion and control) is the first scientific biography on the Dutch socialist, sociologist and feminist Hilda Verwey-Jonker (1908-2004). She is best known for the introduction of... Show moreDrift en koers (Passion and control) is the first scientific biography on the Dutch socialist, sociologist and feminist Hilda Verwey-Jonker (1908-2004). She is best known for the introduction of the word allochtonen (foreigner/alien) in the Dutch discourse and has very been influential in improving the (legal) status of especially married women. The questions her autobiography provoke were the starting point of my research. I present the results of my investigations into her lives as a passionate socialist, Protestant, intellectual, governor, expert in the field of refugee and migrant issues, ‘grey panther’ and mother of four children in fourteen chapters and fifty images. In the epilogue I present answers to the questions Verwey-Jonkers memoires raise and connect them with the notion that women are not supposed to fight in public. I thus present a new explanation for the very slow entry of women into Dutch parliamentary politics Show less
De Leidse hoogleraar theoretische fysica Paul Ehrenfest (1880-1933) was goed bevriend met Niels Bohr en Albert Einstein. In tegenstelling tot zijn beroemde tijdgenoten lag zijn kracht niet bij het... Show moreDe Leidse hoogleraar theoretische fysica Paul Ehrenfest (1880-1933) was goed bevriend met Niels Bohr en Albert Einstein. In tegenstelling tot zijn beroemde tijdgenoten lag zijn kracht niet bij het doen van grote ontdekkingen. Wel had hij een uitzonderlijk talent voor het verhelderen van complexe vraagstukken in de fysica. Het leven en werk van Ehrenfest biedt een intrigerend perspectief op de manier waarop wetenschappers uit dat tijdsgewricht hun weg probeerden te vinden in een periode van roerige wetenschappelijke, maatschappelijke en politieke ontwikkelingen. Behalve dat Ehrenfest een bloeiende onderzoeksschool opbouwde droeg hij ook bij aan de ontwikkeling en internationalisering van de Nederlandse natuurkunde, het universitaire onderwijs, en het ontstaan van een nieuw vakgebied __ de econometrie. Hij stimuleerde de ontwikkeling van de Russische en Amerikaanse theoretische fysica en versterkte de band tussen universiteit en industrie. Zijn tijdgenoten kenden Ehrenfest als een invloedrijk persoon die veel had bereikt. Tragisch is dat iedereen, behalve hij zelf, dat zag. Show less
This study offers a reassessment of Roy Wilkins who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the largest civil rights organization in the United States, during the most... Show moreThis study offers a reassessment of Roy Wilkins who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the largest civil rights organization in the United States, during the most turbulent years of the civil rights movement. Show less
A reconstruction of the Théorie du Pouvoir, the first and major work of the French philosopher Louis de Bonald, shows that this work is best being read along the lines of political classicism: its... Show moreA reconstruction of the Théorie du Pouvoir, the first and major work of the French philosopher Louis de Bonald, shows that this work is best being read along the lines of political classicism: its syllogistic structure consists of a philosophical (deductive) maior, a historical (empirical) minor, and the political conclusion that the aristocratic authority and corporative forms characteristic of the preabsolutist era rather than ancien régime monarchy should be restored. As much as a frontal attack on the French Revolution and its Enlightenment ideas it can be regarded as a subtle defense of the nobility’s cause against absolutist policies. The common view that Bonald was a champion of absolutism should be replaced by the view that he continued Montesquieu and prefigured Tocqueville. As an archetypical conservative Bonald cannot be said to be a mere precursor of fascism. This is demonstrated in the epilogue, which discusses the ways that Bonald’s ideas have been transmitted, adopted and transformed not just by the modern extreme-right but also by French royalism, German romanticism, panslavism, carlism, conservatism in Latin and Northern America, Dutch neocalvinism, French liberalism, the Catholic Church, corporatism, christian-democracy, the social sciences, socialism, anarchism, men of letters, esoteric traditionalism and islamic fundamentalism. Show less
