Three major cosmology-focused missions are planned for the next decade: the Euclid space telescope, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile, and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Their surveys... Show moreThree major cosmology-focused missions are planned for the next decade: the Euclid space telescope, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile, and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Their surveys will detect billions of galaxies over more than a third of the celestial sphere and out to redshifts of z~2 to constrain the evolving matterdistribution using weak gravitational lensing. This thesis focusses on ways of disentangling the contribution of normal matter, baryons for cosmologists, from the measured weak lensing signal for cosmic shear analyses and galaxy cluster mass calibrations. Combining the predictions of computer-simulated universes, evolving billions of particles in time, with simplified models that reproduce the observeddistribution of hot gas inside clusters of galaxies, but that freely vary the amount of matter where no observations are available, we have quantified how strongly our ignorance of the relation between ordinary and dark matter will affect the analysis of the planned surveys. Additionally, we have studied how baryons affect cluster massdeterminations and we suggest a new analysis method for cluster abundance studies that is less sensitive to our lack of knowledge of the exact distribution of normal matter in the outskirts of galaxy clusters. Show less
The intracluster medium (ICM) is a hot, tenuous and X-ray emitting gas that pervades galaxy clusters. Meanwhile, extended synchrotron sources, i.e., radio relics and radio halos are frequently... Show moreThe intracluster medium (ICM) is a hot, tenuous and X-ray emitting gas that pervades galaxy clusters. Meanwhile, extended synchrotron sources, i.e., radio relics and radio halos are frequently observed in galaxy cluster, for which the two widely accepted particle acceleration are shock acceleration and turbulent acceleration, respectively. Both of these scenarios are due to ICM motions, which means that X-ray observations of the ICM are fundamental for quantifying shock wave and turbulence properties to test the acceleration models. This thesis focuses on X-ray observations of galaxy clusters, and covers topics from ICM shock - radio relic connection to turbulence - radio halo connection. The new observational evidences further support the two acceleration scenario. Show less
At the largest scales, two ingredients dictate the distribution of matter in the Universe. The first is dark matter, acting as an invisible scaffolding held together by gravitational forces. The... Show moreAt the largest scales, two ingredients dictate the distribution of matter in the Universe. The first is dark matter, acting as an invisible scaffolding held together by gravitational forces. The second is dark energy, an enigmatic component responsible for the accelerated expansion of the Universe. Under these two forces, matter in the Universe organizes itself in the so-called cosmic web. The nodes of this network are large dark matter haloes, and this thesis explores how their boundaries provide information about the nature of dark energy and cosmology. Chapters 3 and 4 present robust theoretical predictions for this titular edge and discuss its simple physical interpretation. Chapters 2 and 5 corroborate these results by presenting measurements of this feature in weak-lensing data. The last scientific chapter of this thesis is a collection of studies in gravitational-wave physics. This chapter explores how these spacetime ripples observed from across the cosmos can be used to detect alternative theories of gravity. Show less
