This is a study of the mandalas that depict the teachings of the Liqujing (Guiding Principle Scripture), which was translated from Sanskrit to Chinese by the Esoteric Buddhist master Amoghavajra ... Show moreThis is a study of the mandalas that depict the teachings of the Liqujing (Guiding Principle Scripture), which was translated from Sanskrit to Chinese by the Esoteric Buddhist master Amoghavajra (705–774). These mandalas were prescribed in his Liqushi (Explanation on the Guiding Principle Scripture). Amoghavajra considered this scripture, its commentaries, and mandalas to be crucial works in a new Esoteric Buddhist system he called the Yoga of the Adamantine Crown. I examine the set called the Liqujing shibahui mantuluo (Mandalas of the Eighteen Assemblies of the Guiding Principle Scripture) in Kyoto’s Daigo Temple. The Shingon school claims that the iconography is based upon Amoghavajra’s Liqushi. A systematic investigation of the Liqushi, the mandalas it prescribes and the iconography of the Daigoji set has not been done by Asian or Western scholars. I assign responsibility for the iconographical and iconological changes seen in the Daigoji set to the transmission of the Chinese master Faquan (c. 800–870), whose transmission has not yet been studied. I investigate the transmissions of Amoghavajra and the Chinese Esoteric Buddhist masters who followed him, especially Faquan. Such an investigation reveals the concerns of these masters and the Chinese assimilation and transformation of Indian Esoteric Buddhism. Show less
Low-carbon (LE) technologies have a significant potential to reduce the total carbon emissions in China. Yet, in existing research, most authors analyzed such implications for China as a whole... Show moreLow-carbon (LE) technologies have a significant potential to reduce the total carbon emissions in China. Yet, in existing research, most authors analyzed such implications for China as a whole rather than the amount of carbon embodied in the products and services for China’s exports. We took a regional approach, since the implementation of LE and the production of products and services for China’s exports very heterogeneously distributed over the various Chinese regions. Current studies also tend to neglect the carbon emissions related to the investments in LE. Against this background, after providing an overview of China’s carbon emissions from a multi-sectoral perspective in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 analyzes the impact of LE development on carbon emissions embodied in the exports of China’s 30 provinces during 2002-2014. Moreover, Chapter 4 focuses on the carbon impact of LE infrastructure expansion using a demand-driven MRIO mode. Finally, Chapter 5 projects the carbon impact of LE investments during 2015-2040. The results show the patterns of carbon impacts of LE development across provinces and over the years, given the dynamic nature of China’s economic development and the heterogeneity of China’s regions. Show less
The Chinese economy has undergone large-scale changes since the implementation of the“reform and opening to the outside world” (gaige kaifang) policy in 1978. Thistransformation is reflected in... Show moreThe Chinese economy has undergone large-scale changes since the implementation of the“reform and opening to the outside world” (gaige kaifang) policy in 1978. Thistransformation is reflected in collective labour relations, which have evolved from anenvironment of harmony between labour and employer during the command economy toconflict between these forces in the present socialist market economy. This situation hasarisen as a result of the diversification of employer ownership in the course of theeconomic reforms. Marxist-Leninist arguments are no longer convincing for workers,especially those in the non-state economy who face particularly harsh workingconditions. Following the wave of strikes in the summer of 2010, labour relations inChina began to take on a more collective character. The increasing number of collectiveactions by workers is in tension with the labour law system, which was designed mainlyto protect and to resolve labour issues involving individuals Show less
