This thesis describes the additional value of advanced echocardiographic techniques in patients with primary cardiac disease, resulting in mitral regurgitation, and secondary cardiac disease caused... Show moreThis thesis describes the additional value of advanced echocardiographic techniques in patients with primary cardiac disease, resulting in mitral regurgitation, and secondary cardiac disease caused by a systemic disease. In this thesis we focussed on patients with mitral regurgitation, specifically primary MR and functional MR (FMR), and patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). The general introduction provides a background of MR and cardiac involvement in SSc and how conventional 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography is currently used. The potential role of 2D speckle tracking echocardiography and 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography together with customized software to create 4-dimensional (4D) mitral valve models is introduced. This thesis aims to provide new insights in diagnosis, disease progression and risk stratification in patients with MR and patients with SSc with the implementation of advanced echocardiographic techniques. Show less
Although COPD was originally thought to merely affect the airways and lungs, the attention of research has been shifted towards the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with COPD.... Show moreAlthough COPD was originally thought to merely affect the airways and lungs, the attention of research has been shifted towards the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with COPD. Up to one third of deaths in patients with COPD can be attributed to a cardiovascular cause. In particular, a strong association between COPD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been emphasized and the need for adequate risk stratification in this population has been recognized. Identification of patients at risk of adverse events after AMI is frequently performed with cardiac imaging. Echocardiography permits early assessment of left- and right ventricular size and function, as surrogates of cardiac damage in the acute phase. Emerging advanced echocardiographic techniques such as speckle tracking strain imaging enable characterization of myocardial mechanics, which have been associated with prognosis. Assessment of left- and right ventricular longitudinal strain in patient with COPD might provide better risk stratification as compared to conventional echocardiographic parameters. COPD is also a known risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Structural atrial remodeling, particularly of the right atrium, is suggested to be an important pathophysiologic substrate. Echocardiography may provide an additional tool in characterization of atrial structure and function, leading to targeted treatments. Show less
With the rising global health burden of aortic valve diseas and growing awareness of the consequences of severe AS, more patients are expected to be referred for aortic valve replacement.... Show moreWith the rising global health burden of aortic valve diseas and growing awareness of the consequences of severe AS, more patients are expected to be referred for aortic valve replacement. Multimodality imaging remains of paramount importance for proper patient selection, determining optimal timing of intervention and in the evaluation of therapy. For risk stratification and defining optimal timing of intervention, conventional and advanced echocardiography and computed tomography are crucial. Conventional echocardiography can be used to assess extra-aortic valvular cardiac damage in patients with severe AS. On top of conventional echocardiography, advanced echocardiography can provide additional insights. Left ventricular GLS by speckle tracking echocardiography has been suggested as a more sensitive marker of LV systolic dysfunction. LV GLS may be of help to define more optimal timing of intervention in asymptomatic patients with severe AS. Also, LV GLS may be of incremental value on top of conventional echocardiographic parameters for the assessment of cardiac injury. For the evaluation of prothesis function and durability after aortic valve implantation and detection of possible (late) complications, echocardiography is the mainstay imaging modality. Also, both conventional and advanced echocardiography can provide additional information on the effects of therapy on LV function and remodelling. Show less
Tricuspid regurgitation is a disorder in which the tricuspid valve does not close properly, causing backward flow of blood. It is a heterogeneous disease which can be classified based on the... Show moreTricuspid regurgitation is a disorder in which the tricuspid valve does not close properly, causing backward flow of blood. It is a heterogeneous disease which can be classified based on the underlying mechanism. The large majority of tricuspid regurgitation is secondary to conditions that cause tricuspid annulus dilation or leaflet tethering due to right ventricular or right atrial dilation. Part I focusses on the relationship between secondary tricuspid regurgitation and the right ventricle. Right ventricular dysfunction was demonstrated to be an important prognostic parameter in patients with secondary tricuspid regurgitation. A new staging system, incorporating right ventricular dysfunction and symptoms of right heart failure, may be valuable for risk stratification in patients with secondary tricuspid regurgitation. Patients who received tricuspid valve annuloplasty during left-sided valve surgery developed less right ventricular dilation and had less severe tricuspid regurgitation at long-term follow-up.Part II focusses on tricuspid regurgitation in specific patient populations: men and women, patients with atrial fibrillation and patients with obesity. An etiology-specific approach to detection and management of significant tricuspid regurgitation may be the most effective way to improve prognosis in all patients. Treatment of patients with tricuspid regurgitation remains challenging, but is developing rapidly with ongoing research. Show less
The use of LVEF in quantifying LV systolic dysfunction, is subject to a number of limitations, many of which can partially be overcome by speckle tracking echocardiography. The best-validated... Show moreThe use of LVEF in quantifying LV systolic dysfunction, is subject to a number of limitations, many of which can partially be overcome by speckle tracking echocardiography. The best-validated parameter of LV systolic function is LV GLS, for which ample evidence has accumulated to support its use in diagnosis and risk-stratification of various cardiac diseases affecting the LV. Speckle tracking echocardiography is currently transitioning from an experimental to a routine technique, and is recommended in several clinical scenarios, particularly in those where regular surveillance of LV systolic function has therapeutic implications.Furthermore, echocardiographic evaluation of patients with ischemic heart disease remains pivotal in both the acute setting of STEMI patients and at follow up. New advances in echocardiographic software enables for more comprehensive analysis of the LV. Application of this new data in addition to conventional parameters could provide more and better prognostic information. Using this strategy, patients after STEMI could be identified early for more aggressive and more targeted treatment, or identify patients at risk whom are in need of more intensive follow up. Also, echocardiography could be an additional tool to identify patients that may benefit from treatment strategies. Show less
In this thesis the prognostic value of the new echocardiographic techniques 'speckle tracking strain' and 'myocardial work' was evaluated in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and primary... Show moreIn this thesis the prognostic value of the new echocardiographic techniques 'speckle tracking strain' and 'myocardial work' was evaluated in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and primary mitral regurgitation. These parameters were indenpendently associated with outcome in these patients. Furthermore, the pathophysiology and hereditary component of primary mitral valve disease were discussed. Show less
The objectives of this thesis were to elucidate the pathogenesis of metabolic heart disease, evaluate the associated changes in myocardial structure and contractile function, and determine the long... Show moreThe objectives of this thesis were to elucidate the pathogenesis of metabolic heart disease, evaluate the associated changes in myocardial structure and contractile function, and determine the long-term prognostic implications of subclinical myocardial dysfunction on all-cause mortality. Show less
Functional mitral regurgitation (MR) – also referred to as secondary MR – is a disease condition which results from a combination of annular dilatation, papillary muscle displacement with increased... Show moreFunctional mitral regurgitation (MR) – also referred to as secondary MR – is a disease condition which results from a combination of annular dilatation, papillary muscle displacement with increased systolic leaflet tethering, and reduced closing forces, due to regional or global left ventricular (LV) remodelling.Functional MR is a common phenomenon and can be classified as either ischaemic or non-ischaemic, based on aetiology of LV remodelling. Regardless of aetiology, functional MR carries a poor prognosis.The primary step in the treatment of patients with functional MR consists of optimal medical and device therapy. In patients with persistence of MR despite optimal medical and device therapy, surgical treatment options can be considered. Over the past decades, many surgical treatment options have been developed, of which mitral valve repair by implantation of a restrictive mitral annuloplasty (RMA) ring forms the mainstay.In this thesis an integrated medico-surgical approach for patients with functional MR was examined, consisting of optimal medical and device therapy combined with RMA, and additional surgical interventions when indicated. The indication for each surgical intervention was determined after careful balancing of treatment options by the multidisciplinary Heart Team – consisting of heart failure specialists, interventional cardiologists, arrhythmia cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. Focus of this thesis was to determine (long-term) clinical and echocardiographic outcomes after this approach and to identify which patients are (un)likely to benefit from it. Show less
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide growing epidemic associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Heart failure is particularly frequent among patients... Show moreChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide growing epidemic associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Heart failure is particularly frequent among patients with CKD. Pressure and volume overload and non-hemodynamic factors associated with CKD induce left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, reduce capillary density and increase myocardial fibrosis that lead to LV diastolic and systolic dysfunction. These processes have been proposed as important determinants of increased mortality in this population. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate cardiac mechanics using two-dimensional (speckle tracking) echocardiography and coronary computed tomography angiography in patients with CKD to define the prevalence and prognostic implications of cardiovascular diseases. In pre-dialysis and dialysis patients with preserved LV ejection fraction (LVEF), assessment of left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS) helps to identify patients with higher rates of heart failure hospitalization and all-cause mortality. When LVEF has already declined, patients within the lowest quartile of LV GLS showed worse prognosis compared to the other groups. The burden of cardiovascular diseases in patients with CKD is high and thorough assessment of cardiac mechanics with (advanced) echocardiographic techniques and coronary CTA helps in identifying patients with worse prognosis, who would potentially benefit of early treatment. Show less
This thesis has shown that significant lead-induced TR due to the mechanical presence of an RV-lead though the tricuspid valve was associated with worse long-term prognosis. CRT is one of the... Show moreThis thesis has shown that significant lead-induced TR due to the mechanical presence of an RV-lead though the tricuspid valve was associated with worse long-term prognosis. CRT is one of the main therapeutic breakthroughs in heart failure of the last decade but patients included in landmark trials do not completely mirror patients undergoing CRT in the clinical practice, who are usually older and have more frequently associated comorbidities such as renal dysfunction, diabetes or atrial fibrillation. This thesis shows a beneficial, although limited, effect of CRT also in elderly, in patients with diabetes and CKD stage 4, and therefore suggests that this therapy should not be withheld based on certain co-morbidities or on age alone. Furthermore, it shows that RBBB in patients referred to CRT and favourable RV-function improvement after CRT were associated with CRT outcomes. To improve clinical risk-stratification, this thesis proposed a CRT-SCORE using CRT-specific parameters and showed to be valuable in risk-estimation that may assist clinicians in counseling patients and guide clinical shared decision-making. Finally, novel approaches to optimize patient selection are presented in this thesis. SDI, a 3D-echocardiography LV-dyssynchrony measurement and T1-mapping, a novel CMR-technique to quantify diffuse myocardial fibrosis were significantly associated with CRT outcomes. Show less
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the current era. Current guidelines base their recommendations for diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases on... Show moreCardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the current era. Current guidelines base their recommendations for diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases on several important parameters such as left ventricular (LV) dimension and function, presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and valve function. Accurate assessment of these parameters is therefore essential for patients with or at risk of cardiovascular diseases and requires the use of invasive and non-invasive testing. Non-invasive testings are in principle preferable, especially for a first-line approach, being safer and generally widely available and easy to perform. The present thesis highlights the use of non-invasive imaging modalities, namely cardiac computed tomography and advanced echocardiography analysis (speckle tracking and calibrated integrated backscatter) to diagnosis and guide the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. Show less
Non-invasive cardiac imaging modalities play a crucial role in the diagnostic process and clinical management of patients without known coronary artery disease and patients with acute myocardial... Show moreNon-invasive cardiac imaging modalities play a crucial role in the diagnostic process and clinical management of patients without known coronary artery disease and patients with acute myocardial infarction. The first part of the thesis discusses the use of non-invasive imaging modalities (including coronary artery calcium scoring, multi-slice computed tomography coronary angiography, conventional two-dimensional echocardiography and speckle-tracking echocardiography) for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with suspected coronary artery disease. The second part of the thesis discusses the diagnostic and prognostic value of novel echocardiographic techniques (including contrast echocardiography, myocardial deformation imaging, and three-dimensional echocardiography) in patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction. Show less
This thesis provides insights in characteristics of newly introduced echocardiographic parameters in healthy children and their use in follow-up of patients with a congenital heart defect (CHD)... Show moreThis thesis provides insights in characteristics of newly introduced echocardiographic parameters in healthy children and their use in follow-up of patients with a congenital heart defect (CHD) after surgery. In healthy children, reference values and characteristics of two echocardiographic techniques, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and speckle-tracking strain imaging, are described. TDI-derived velocity parameters are reproducible and feasible in children. Yet use of age or growth-dependent reference values is recommended, especially in neonates. Speckle-tracking strain-derived global peak strain parameters have a good reproducibility, are age-independent and remain unchanged during periods of significant growth, such as the neonatal period. We encourage use of these parameters. In contrast, the limited reproducibility of parameters describing intraventricular time-differences is worrying. Our follow-up studies in CHD patients undergoing corrective surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, describe a significant decrease in biventricular performance immediately postoperatively. Subsequently, left ventricular performance recovered to control values. In contrast, right ventricular performance remained impaired in most subgroups of CHD patients up to one year postoperatively. Considering the prognostic value of right ventricular performance parameters, these studies underline the need for careful evaluation of both left and right ventricular performance postoperatively. Furthermore, a longer-lasting negative influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on ventricular performance was suggested. Show less
CRT has evolved as a successful treatment strategy in selected patients with drug refractory heart failure. Evidence of large clinical trials established the beneficial effects of CRT in addition... Show moreCRT has evolved as a successful treatment strategy in selected patients with drug refractory heart failure. Evidence of large clinical trials established the beneficial effects of CRT in addition to optimal medical treatment on both morbidity and mortality. Nonetheless, about 30% of patients do not demonstrate response to CRT. Several patient characteristics have a strong influence on both response at 6 months follow-up and prognosis during long-term follow-up. In addition to these patient characteristics, the position of the LV pacing lead in relation to the site of latest activation and potential scar tissue may have a great influence on outcome. Integration of patient characteristics, LV lead position with information on LV dyssynchrony and scar tissue may help to improve patient selection and response to CRT. It is not unlikely that the favorable effects of CRT will be extended to other patient groups in the coming years. These groups include asymptomatic (NYHA class I) patients, patients with a narrow QRS complex (<120 ms) or patients with heart failure but preserved LVEF (__45%). CRT also seems to improve other conditions frequently observed in patients with heart failure. The improved LV systolic function induced by CRT increases cerebral blood flow and also results in stabilization of renal function. Finally, patients with severe functional MR and high operative risk also derive benefit from CRT. Perhaps CRT may one day be used as an effective treatment strategy in these patient groups. Show less
The general introduction of this thesis gives an overview of the epidemiology of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and the current focus of the guidelines concerning the management... Show moreThe general introduction of this thesis gives an overview of the epidemiology of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and the current focus of the guidelines concerning the management of these patients. In the past decades changes in the treatment and outcome of STEMI patients have influenced the risk stratification of this population and the focus has been shifted to the evaluation of infarct size. Furthermore, the role of echocardiography in the risk stratification after STEMI is addressed including the evolving echocardiographic techniques. The aim of the current thesis was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of this contemporary population of STEMI patients and to assess the value of echocardiography for the improvement of the risk stratification of these patients. First, the current population of STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention is described in Part I, where clinical parameters are being evaluated in relation to short- and long-term outcome. In Part II, the role of conventional and novel echocardiographic techniques is being evaluated for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function and the importance of LV diastolic function is addressed in Part III. Finally, the role of echocardiography in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease is studied in Part IV. Show less
The thesis provides new insights into advanced echocardiographic and magnetic resonance imaging techniques for comprehensive mechanical assessment of the right ventricle in healthy children and in... Show moreThe thesis provides new insights into advanced echocardiographic and magnetic resonance imaging techniques for comprehensive mechanical assessment of the right ventricle in healthy children and in pediatric patients with right ventricular dysfunction. It is shown that the right ventricle does not contract synchronously in the longitudinal direction and that this is related to right ventricular function. Various echocardiographic (Tissue Doppler imaging, Speckle tracking, 3D echocardiography) and magnetic resonance imaging techniques (Tissue Velocity imaging, 3D flow imaging) are validated for use in the right ventricle in pediatric patients. Show less
This thesis evaluates, using various methods, two important surgical procedures currently used in heart failure patients: surgical ventricular restoration and restrictive mitral annuloplasty. The... Show moreThis thesis evaluates, using various methods, two important surgical procedures currently used in heart failure patients: surgical ventricular restoration and restrictive mitral annuloplasty. The conductance catheter was used to analyze the hemodynamic effects of heart failure surgery invasively. It demonstrated improvement in systolic function of the left ventricle for both procedures at long term follow-up. Diastolic function demonstrated signs of impairment, although the functional effect remained limited, regarding limited or no increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure for SVR and RMA, respectively. Furthermore, assessment of left ventricular volumes demonstrated persistent reverse remodeling at follow-up. Clinical performance demonstrated significant improvement for both surgical procedures. The hemodynamic results together with the positive clinical outcome for both surgical procedures supports the use of these procedures in end-stage heart failure patients. Regarding the fact that using the conductance catheter is time consuming and can be burdensome for patients, a demand for less invasive methods was generated. Evaluation of alternative methods demonstrated that heart failure surgery can also be evaluated by single-beat analysis, a simplified method of the conventional conductance catheter method avoiding load interventions by temporary vena cava occlusions. Furthermore, echocardiography and to a certain extent, serum biomarker analysis can also be used. Show less
The presence of a decreased left ventricular (LV) function after myocardial infarction has demonstrated to be of considerable clinical importance. In this thesis, the role of 2D echocardiography to... Show moreThe presence of a decreased left ventricular (LV) function after myocardial infarction has demonstrated to be of considerable clinical importance. In this thesis, the role of 2D echocardiography to evaluate LV function in ischemic heart disease was investigated. In the first part of the thesis, recently introduced echocardiographic parameters to describe LV function were studied and their importance for prognosis after myocardial infarction was evaluated. In addition, in the second part of the thesis, the role for echocardiography in the decision making around advanced treatment options in heart failure such as cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and cardiac surgery was explored. Show less
In recent years, a number of new cardiac interventional procedures have been introduced. Catheter ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation (AF) have been refined and are now considered a good... Show moreIn recent years, a number of new cardiac interventional procedures have been introduced. Catheter ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation (AF) have been refined and are now considered a good treatment option in patients with drug-refractory AF. In cardiac pacing, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is now standard of care for patients with drug-refractory heart failure. At the same time, CRT may also be beneficial in patients with heart failure after long-term right ventricular (RV) apical pacing. Finally, new percutaneous procedures for valvular heart disease have been introduced for patients that are deemed inoperable. At the same time, various imaging modalities have been further developed and important advances have been made in the integration of different imaging modalities. The aim of the present thesis was to explore the role of multimodality imaging in cardiac interventional procedures. In Part I, the integration of different imaging modalities during catheter ablation procedures for AF was studied. In addition, the effects of these procedures on left atrial and left ventricular (LV) size and function were investigated. Part II studied the effects of RV apical pacing on LV dyssynchrony and mechanics, and the effect of upgrade to CRT. Finally, in Part III the role of imaging in new percutaneous procedures for valvular heart disease was explored. Show less
