Betrokken burgers vormden de ruggengraat van de Republiek. Het dagelijks leven draaide voor een groot deel op buurtorganisaties, gilden en schutterijen – en dat waren juist de stedelijke... Show moreBetrokken burgers vormden de ruggengraat van de Republiek. Het dagelijks leven draaide voor een groot deel op buurtorganisaties, gilden en schutterijen – en dat waren juist de stedelijke instituties waar zij deel van uitmaakten. In 1796 kondigden de Bataafse revolutionairen het einde van sommige van deze instellingen af en introduceerden zij het staatsburgerschap. Maar was daarmee de rol van de stedelijke burger ook uitgespeeld?Dat komen we te weten als we luisteren naar de stadsbewoners zelf. Aan de hand van de levens van Haarlemmers en Groningers tussen 1747 en 1848 illustreert dit boek het voortbestaan van lokaal burgerschap. Zij komen aan het woord via verzoekschriften, kronieken, gelegenheidsgedichten, vergadernotulen en mondelinge klachten op de burgemeesterskamer. Hoe zag de ideale stedelijke gemeenschap er volgens hen uit? Welke rechten en plichten had een burger in hun ogen? En wat waren de dure plichten van een stadsbestuurder? Voor dit burgerschap putten stadsbewoners met souplesse uit traditionele én revolutionaire idealen en praktijken. Show less
The development of class cleavages in Chile in the 20th century has been notable for its similarity to European cases, which gave rise to important socialist left-wing parties. However, the Chilean... Show moreThe development of class cleavages in Chile in the 20th century has been notable for its similarity to European cases, which gave rise to important socialist left-wing parties. However, the Chilean left was characterised by its revolutionary socialist project channelled through the legal and democratic means of the time, known as the Chilean road to socialism. This thesis seeks to explain the formation of this project through a historical analysis of the development of socialism as a political expression of the class cleavage in Chile between 1891 and 1938. To this end, the study focuses on the ideological dimension of cleavages, with emphasis on three specific aspects of ideological groups: their strategic configurations, their organisational forms, and their political adaptability. The thesis reconstructs the ideological trajectory of the various socialist currents of the period, whose strategies and organizations encompassed a wide range of both institutional and extra-institutional projects. Through this analysis, it identifies the ideological patterns that facilitated or hindered certain socialist groupings from successfully channelling their respective political projects and eventually integrating themselves into the Chilean party system. Show less
This thesis attempts firstly to reconstruct the urban system or systems of the Roman Near east in the second and early third centuries C.E., consisting of the provinces of Syria Coele, Syria... Show moreThis thesis attempts firstly to reconstruct the urban system or systems of the Roman Near east in the second and early third centuries C.E., consisting of the provinces of Syria Coele, Syria Phoenice, Syria Palaestina, Osrhoene, Mesopotamia and Arabia. Secondly it analyses the different regional patterns within these systems. The first two chapters of the thesis describe the urban systems in the north and south of the Roman Near East respectively. The third chapter analyses to what degree the distribution of cities, and their sizes, relate to the agricultural productivity of the urban territories. The fourth chapter takes a detailed look at the largest city of the region, Antioch. The research shows that geographic factors and historical developments certainly played a role in the long term and defined the shape of urban networks in the region, but with ample room for human agency. Although we clearly see population growth compared to earlier periods, Roman cities in the Near East were nonetheless not particularly big, and most could be sustained with agricultural production from their direct hinterlands. From that perspective there is no reason to assume that integration into the Roman empire also brought stronger economic integration. Show less
In the Teutonic House at Utrecht, knights and priests lived together. They managed the local property of the Teutonic Order, which was a religious military order like the Knights Templar and the... Show moreIn the Teutonic House at Utrecht, knights and priests lived together. They managed the local property of the Teutonic Order, which was a religious military order like the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller. This thesis provides insight into how the Teutonic House's acquisition of property came about during the Middle Ages. Much attention is paid, for example, to the motives of donors. The study draws extensively on a variety of sources, such as charters, lease registers and maps. Crusades, devotion, politics and patronage, leadership qualities and economic conditions emerge as the factors that determined the development of property acquisition in various forms. Show less
What explains nonresident citizens’ voter turnout and which effects do overseas votes generate in homeland politics? Using a multi-method strategy that encompasses 3 cross-sectional time-series... Show moreWhat explains nonresident citizens’ voter turnout and which effects do overseas votes generate in homeland politics? Using a multi-method strategy that encompasses 3 cross-sectional time-series datasets, 50 semi-structured interviews, the analysis of official documents and party manifestos, this dissertation examines nonresident citizens’ voter turnout in Latin America and Southern Europe. The results are abundant. First, the author finds that registration rules, compulsory voting, concurrent elections, voting methods, and democratic quality have a meaningful impact on nonresident citizens’ voter turnout. Second, in this dissertation, there is an in-depth understanding of the different incentives, opportunities, and constraints associated with nonresident citizens’ voter turnout, including the role of homeland authorities and de facto practices to promote and/or to organize elections abroad. Third, the author unpacks swing, interregnum, incumbency, and feedback effects from a comparative quantitative logic. Correspondingly, this study suggests that parties, homeland politicians, and policymakers seek to avoid unwanted consequences controlling or influencing the political agenda. Both a sizable nonresident population and a high number of overseas votes have a moderate but significant impact on election results, either changing or not the bargaining among party organizations to govern. Lastly, this dissertation explores three pathways to analyze non-resident citizens’ voter turnout over time. Show less
In this study, gentrification concepts have been used as a heuristic device to analyse urban socio-economic changes in (pre-)Roman towns. After describing the most important gentrification theories... Show moreIn this study, gentrification concepts have been used as a heuristic device to analyse urban socio-economic changes in (pre-)Roman towns. After describing the most important gentrification theories, these concepts will be applied to the Roman towns on the Italian peninsula, using an explanatory model, which helped to filter the evidence and provided a special lens for looking at structures and changes in towns. The focus has been on the five main elements of Roman gentrification: (1) the presence of a sizeable group of affluent people, (2) a functioning property and rental market, (3) a shift in employment and diversification of professions, (4) a professionalisation of trades and crafts, (5) the locational preferences of the elite and their dependents and their investment in domestic and public architecture (urban renewal), public display and forms of entertainment. These five prerequisites determined the selection of textual and archaeological evidence that have been used in the case study in chapters. Show less
This historical study deals with the deployment and the effectiveness of observers in the former Yugoslavia. The intervention started small, but the number of observers from the European Community... Show moreThis historical study deals with the deployment and the effectiveness of observers in the former Yugoslavia. The intervention started small, but the number of observers from the European Community Monitoring Mission (ECMM) and particularly the number of United Nations Military Observers (UNMOs) grew substantially during the war. The variety of their tasks and the growing number of observers seem to indicate that they played an important role. However, there was initially little clarity about how they were deployed, how this deployment evolved and how effective the observers really were. In this study, effectiveness is a key concept, which involves not only taking a closer look at the results achieved by this category of military personnel, but also comparing those results with the investments their efforts required. This makes it possible to analyse and weigh the 'costs' and 'benefits' of their deployment. Based on the results achieved by observers in the former Yugoslavia and the investment this required, conclusions can be drawn about their effectiveness. In short, the observer operations on the Balkans could be described as complex, multi-faceted and high-risk. How justifiable was it to deploy observers in a conflict at the high end of the spectrum of force? Show less
The central argument of this thesis is to establish the link between mobility, material culture and urbanisation in Africa with special focus on the urban elite of Baba I in the North West Region... Show moreThe central argument of this thesis is to establish the link between mobility, material culture and urbanisation in Africa with special focus on the urban elite of Baba I in the North West Region of Cameroon. The study lies within an intricate political system and topography. The thesis questions the effects of material culture on landscape transformation of the society through mobility. Over the past decades, the use and acquisition of land have changed greatly with increased geographical and social mobility. This has caused tremendous effects on the lives of people be it politically, economically and socially and above all in the dynamics of land acquisition and development. The changes on the landscapes are not only physically visible but also socio-culturally with the way people carry themselves around through their daily interactions. Thus, the thesis attempts to study these transformation processes in the form of an ethnography of mobility and belonging of the Papiakum people of Baba I. An extra contribution of this thesis is that it is the first to tell the story of the Papiakum who have been glossed over by the early colonial ethnographers and anthropologists of the North Western Grassfields of Cameroon. The research focused on a specific group: the urban dwellers of Baba I who are constructing at home. I tried to understand the meaning and importance of land and houses (home) within the Baba community in which these elites invest. The study of these changing infrastructural landscapes gave an insight into the socio-political and cultural settings and challenges as well as the role of the elite in development.. The construction of these houses and other infrastructure are an expression of this elite’s belonging as required by Papiakum cultural tenets. Show less
In 1980, during the military government (1973-1990), a profound transformation of the higher education (HE) system began. This change involved establishing a market to stimulate competition between... Show moreIn 1980, during the military government (1973-1990), a profound transformation of the higher education (HE) system began. This change involved establishing a market to stimulate competition between different institutions and encourage private entities to provide higher education. This reform took shape through new legislation that established the freedom to create and maintain higher education institutions (HEIs), with only a few prerequisites to be fulfilled to enter the market - filing an act of constitution, offering at least one degree course and being granted political permission from the Ministry of Interior. In addition, it created a new financing scheme for HEIs, which established that private institutions created from 1980 onwards could not receive direct fiscal support from the state and had to finance their activities by charging tuition fees. Likewise, state universities - and private ones created prior to 1980 - that until then had received direct support from the state had to start charging tuition fees from then on, forcing their students to ask for loans from the state itself.By the end of the 1980s, 22 new independent private universities (IPUs) had been created. These came to form part of the national HE system, together with state universities and private ones that had existed prior to 1980. There are currently 29 IPUs, which account for more than 50 percent of Chilean university enrolment. If enrolment in private universities that existed before 1980 and in non-university HE institutions is added to this, Chile today has an 84 percent rate of enrolment in private institutions, one of the highest in the world. Therefore, Chile after 1980 has become an early case study for the private transformation of HE, driven by the military dictatorship and the result of the neoliberal policies enforced by the Pinochet government.Talking about new universities might seem like a contradiction. In fact, such is the importance of tradition and centuries-long history at universities that no HE entrepreneur can escape this reality. Given that they cannot ignore this institutional ideal or standard, new Chilean universities founded after 1980 have ended up imitating the traditional university model. A deep current of mimetic isomorphism runs through the history of universities, something that is clearly seen in Chile.It is therefore relevant to question the decisions that the IPUs that have become high- functioning institutions in Chile have taken in what has been a complex environment. For example, they have set up efficient governing bodies to achieve their individual aims and have organised themselves efficiently to fulfil both their academic and their sustainable307business models. As a result, this has led to new universities obtaining recognition (accreditation) from the public body that regulates them, as well as prestige or a good reputation (seen though high positions in Chilean or international rankings).To answer this question, this study analyses the trajectory of a number of successful Chilean IPUs. It uses the theory of the life cycle of organisations in a model that has three stages: (a) creation and formation, (b) formalisation and coordination and (c) consolidation and organisational effectiveness. The general aim of this study is to analyse the decisions taken and practices implemented by these IPUs, which have turned them into high-performing institutions. Show less
Neither red nor orange is a study of the manner in which Dutch sailors developed as a professional group during the period 1870-1914, and how the (naval and other) authorities and the 'outside... Show moreNeither red nor orange is a study of the manner in which Dutch sailors developed as a professional group during the period 1870-1914, and how the (naval and other) authorities and the 'outside world' responded to this. The key questions are: how did the Dutch rating's emancipation proceed in the period prior to the First World War, and what responses did this fight for emancipation provoke among the (naval) authorities, Parliament and the press? It is likely that the dissatisfaction, the alleged sympathy for the SDAP among sailors, and the fierce response of the naval authorities were interrelated. This doctoral thesis aims to analyse and explain the formation of the tensions within the Royal Netherlands Navy that reached an evident peak in 1918. In essence, this entails addressing the more abstract question of how an authoritarian organisation such as the Navy and an increasingly democratic society came to relate to one another. In doing so, this study outlines the background against which the discussion about the reliability and political affiliations of the fleet should be considered. Show less
The sexual behavior of people in any given society or subculture is guided by certain codes of conduct: written or unwritten rules on how to behave. Cupid on a Leash researches the different codes... Show moreThe sexual behavior of people in any given society or subculture is guided by certain codes of conduct: written or unwritten rules on how to behave. Cupid on a Leash researches the different codes of conduct that guided sexuality in Italy between c. 1450 and 1550. It identifies which codes were present for people of different genders, ages, social classes and sexual orientations. Moreover, the book examines how broadly these codes were shared within the source material, and analyzes the roots and rationalizations of their existence. A wide variety of sources, written by male as well as female authors, is used to analyze these sexual codes of conduct. These sources range from romance epics, novellas, and treatises on love, to sermons, anatomical treatises, and personal correspondence. By revealing the many, often contradictory codes of conduct guiding sexuality, Cupid on a Leash provides insight into the complexities of societal expectations in Renaissance Italy. It studies the arguments that people used to defend sexual codes of conduct, and analyzes the logic behind these arguments, seeking to explain why they were considered so important. Show less
Most European Roma and Sinti achieve such low levels of education that they have basically no chance of moving up the social ladder. This study compares the educational positions of Roma and Sinti... Show moreMost European Roma and Sinti achieve such low levels of education that they have basically no chance of moving up the social ladder. This study compares the educational positions of Roma and Sinti in the Netherlands and the Czech Republic, based on more than fifty biographical interviews with Roma and Sinti.Compared to the Netherlands, the poverty and social segregation among Czech Roma is more severe. Discrimination and racism against Czech Roma are virulent and ubiquitous. Yet, Roma and Sinti in the Netherlands have developed a similar suspicion of people outside their own circle and a similar negative attitude towards education, in response to their common history of deprivation, expulsion and even twice a genocide, in the eighteenth century and in the Second World War.Those Roma and Sinti who did receive an education were no longer seen as Roma or Sinti. This is why the highly educated did not function as role models until recently. Yet, this study shows there is a cautious turnaround. In both countries, the Roma and Sinti parents of the young generation of highly educated people, often low-educated themselves, had come to regard better education as the only way towards a better life. Show less
The PhD thesis discusses the relationship between the central courts and local communities in the constructing and managing of water systems in the Brantas river basin, East Java, Indonesia between... Show moreThe PhD thesis discusses the relationship between the central courts and local communities in the constructing and managing of water systems in the Brantas river basin, East Java, Indonesia between the tenth and the sixteenth centuries CE. The study looks into what extend Java’s specific longue durée conditions of topography and climate have determined these systems, exploring the temporal and spatial dynamics of the system. Nearby systems as existed in mainland Southeast Asia are compared with the systems in East Java. Although employing a comparative approach, the focus of this research is about East Java itself. The primary sources that are used in the research are divided into two types of sources, namely old Javanese inscriptions and archaeological records. The research of this thesis strongly suggests that the East Javanese polities was perfectly able to control its realm by leaving the practical water management at the level of the watĕks and villages. By comparison to the polities of mainland Southeast Asia, the East Javanese polity merely oversees a political economy that was driven by the bottom-up initiative of local communities, so the East Javanese polity suggests and reflects a much more decentralized polity than the mainland Southeast Asian polities. Show less
For this research, I looked at how the position of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in international refugee policy debates changed over time. I analysed if, how and when NGOs influenced... Show moreFor this research, I looked at how the position of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in international refugee policy debates changed over time. I analysed if, how and when NGOs influenced refugee policies in twentieth century Europe. I identified three types of authority that NGOs can have: expert authority, moral authority, and logistical authority. The different types of authority determined what kind of political role NGOs had and what their position was in international refugee debates. The in-depth description of NGOs’ advocacy showed which choices NGOs made regarding campaigns and strategies. NGOs were not only dependent on the socio-economic and political context but also always had room to manoeuvre and make choices. These choices had an impact on their advocacy and influence. Show less
This thesis researches how and why the UNESCO sponsored General History of Africa (1964-1998) sought to Africanise and decolonise the writing of African history in the wake of the political... Show moreThis thesis researches how and why the UNESCO sponsored General History of Africa (1964-1998) sought to Africanise and decolonise the writing of African history in the wake of the political independence of many West and East African countries in the early 1960s. It provides a case-study on the practice of African historiography in the second half of the twentieth century. The thesis investigates how formulated ideals of a decolonisation were translated into practice and analyses what this might tell us about the establishment of African history within the humanities and the history of decolonising knowledge production. The study is divided in three parts: the first part concerns the formulated ideals of African history as they came into being in opposition to eurocentrism during the 1960s and early 1970s. Part two shifts the focus to the realities of the ideals discussed in part one. How did the historians of the GHA try to bring their ideals into practice and what came of them during the long process of drafting the GHA? The third and final part of the thesis focuses on the reception and retrospective perception of the project in its final years and after it was finished. Show less
A landlocked country in Central Africa, Chad has been involved in armed conflicts and civil war since independence in 1960. After the coup d’état in 1990, a certain stability prevailed under a... Show moreA landlocked country in Central Africa, Chad has been involved in armed conflicts and civil war since independence in 1960. After the coup d’état in 1990, a certain stability prevailed under a military democratic regime despite frequent rebels’ incursions, civil unrest, and violations of human rights. Over six decades, structural violence, insecurity, and oppression continue to hamper sociocultural, economic, educational and health improvements. Despite oil revenues and international investments into security and poverty reduction, Chad remains a highly fragile poor country with an alarming hunger situation. Its development is constrained by internal conflicts, instability of neighbouring countries, and perpetual threats by extremists. The weakness of infrastructures, public institutions and bad governance constrain the access of communities to basic goods, services, rights and means of livelihood.In rural areas, harassment and neglect by public authorities increase the vulnerabilities of households to food insecurity and conflicts. This research insighted into the long-term impacts of persistent violence on food production, social organization and access to health services in Guéra in central Chad. Rebels and government authorities exert political stress that is a major driver of sociocultural, demographic and economic change. These acts undermine spheres of livelihoods across the Sahelian region and needs attention. Show less
This thesis is a cattle-centred history of colonialism in southern Africa, principally from 1652 until the 1980s. It opts out of the conventional human-centred approach to historical scholarship.... Show moreThis thesis is a cattle-centred history of colonialism in southern Africa, principally from 1652 until the 1980s. It opts out of the conventional human-centred approach to historical scholarship. This thesis is located within the broader animal history genre but innovates in that cattle are presented as experiential, sentient subjects in a sustained way. It views colonialism from within an animal-centred paradigm. The thesis explores impacts of colonialism in southern Africa in terms of how colonialism impacted cattle as groups and as individuals. Its primary question is: what are some of the major impacts of colonialism on cattle’s experiences in southern Africa? It is a sustained investigation of how cattle were subjectively impacted by colonialism. Four major impacts of colonialism are isolated and investigated. These are oxen’s wagon labour, disease epidemics and veterinary and state responses to the epidemics, the development of industrial slaughterhouses, and the development of modern colonial cattle breeding regimes. The geographical scope is regional, including present-day Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. The core finding is that colonialism had transformative impacts on cattle history and cattle’s experiences in the region. Show less
This study analyses the Dutch military’s tactical conduct in Indonesia during the decolonization war of 1945-1949. Its principal questions are how the Dutch armed forces understood and shaped their... Show moreThis study analyses the Dutch military’s tactical conduct in Indonesia during the decolonization war of 1945-1949. Its principal questions are how the Dutch armed forces understood and shaped their tactical military conduct in Indonesia, and to what extent this can help explain the extremely violent nature of the war.The Dutch armed forces interpreted the conflict within the conceptual framework of past colonial wars, of the restoration of authority by military means, and of regular warfare. While the Dutch military did learn some lessons during the conflict, radical new insights were not developed, for various reasons.From beginning to end, Dutch military conduct in Indonesia was characterised by harsh repressive action, the absolute prioritisation of military solutions, mistrust of the Indonesian civilian population and the disregard of the risk of civilian casualties and collateral damage. This modus operandi found backing in both the existing and new tactical regulations and the army’s organizational culture. The army’s forceful and harsh mode of conduct during the war was therefore not simply the result of situational force majeure or the political developments; it was also born from the way in which the Dutch armed forces understood the conflict. Show less
This study examines the use of normative language in Roman North Africa from the first to the fourth centuries AD. From emperors down to provincial magistrates, powerful individuals throughout the... Show moreThis study examines the use of normative language in Roman North Africa from the first to the fourth centuries AD. From emperors down to provincial magistrates, powerful individuals throughout the Roman Empire employed the language of honour and virtue to legitimate their influential position over others. This thesis delves deeper into the intertwining layers of power and legitimacy, as well as their linguistic expression in the epigraphic culture of Africa Proconsularis and Mauretania Caesariensis. References to imperial virtue in North African epigraphy are traced over four centuries and contrasted with the virtues prevalent in imperial media. The normative language employed to honour imperial officials, local magistrates and African benefactors is examined and contextualised. Finally, the findings from the civilian sphere are compared to military dedications from the African provinces. The thesis concludes by pointing to a number of overarching themes at play throughout the varied material, calling attention to the active role of provincial dedicators in expressing and influencing normative beliefs on legitimate power. Show less
Emigrants can vote from abroad for about 120 territories and immigrants can vote in about 50 countries. Many international migrants can vote or abstain in both the origin and residence countries,... Show moreEmigrants can vote from abroad for about 120 territories and immigrants can vote in about 50 countries. Many international migrants can vote or abstain in both the origin and residence countries, making four distinct types of migrant electoral behavior: immigrant, emigrant, and dual transnational voting, as well as abstention. Migrant political participation affects democratic decision-making and electoral outcomes in two polities, reasons for which both migrant enfranchisement and migrant voting merit scholarly research. My goal is to unpack why migrants decide to vote or abstain in either the origin or residence country, in both, or in neither. I conducted surveys and interviews in Chile and Ecuador, likely cases in which to find individuals with national-level voting rights in two countries. I argue that political resocialization helps to explain individual-level migrant voter turnout. I posit resources combined with ties to people or places in one or both countries constitute a necessary condition and resources with a motive to vote serves as a sufficient condition for migrant voting. Rather than a trade-off of replacement, over time migrants change their positioning and motives to vote in one country or both countries.The case studies shed light on the legal and normative origins of migrant enfranchisement over the last century, differences among migrant voting variants, and how political (re)socialization processes help explain why migrants vote and change voting behavior over time. Show less