This dissertation explores the impact of international cultural heritage law on individuals and local communities, particularly through the lens of cultural heritage law's use of universalising... Show moreThis dissertation explores the impact of international cultural heritage law on individuals and local communities, particularly through the lens of cultural heritage law's use of universalising language such as the ‘cultural heritage of mankind’. It argues that this rhetoric empowers states to prioritise purportedly common interests over local ones, potentially erasing living heritage value in the process. The dissertation places cultural heritage law in the context of broader international legal trends, in particular the tension between the pursuit of common interests through international law and the enduring influence of state sovereignty as a structuring principle of that law. It argues that contemporary cultural heritage law often fails to effectively limit state powers or protect the interests of individuals and local communities. It thus calls for stronger guarantees of participation within cultural heritage law, drawing upon legal standards developed within environmental law and human rights law. The dissertation suggests a rethinking the concept of ‘universal interest’ in heritage law to qualify the operation of state sovereignty and to better accommodate the interests of individuals and local communities, emphasizing their role as central actors and the need to bridge the gap between local and global interests in cultural heritage protection. Show less
In the Netherlands, the title of Minister of State is granted to a select set of senior politicians and administrators, generally towards the end of their career. They are appointed by the monarch,... Show moreIn the Netherlands, the title of Minister of State is granted to a select set of senior politicians and administrators, generally towards the end of their career. They are appointed by the monarch, acting on a proposal by the cabinet. In this capacity, they are then asked to perform certain activities or to carry out specific tasks. Both the content of the Minister of State role itself and the appointment process are quite vague. Nevertheless, this exclusive ministerial title has considerable social status. The aim of this research study is to provide insight into the title of Minister of State. The problem description is as follows: What development has taken place in the role of Minister of State; what has the legal and political significance of the Minister of State been; and what can be said about the present-day role of Minister of State, in the Netherlands and in various other countries? Chapter 2 investigates the development of the Minister of State from a historical perspective. In Chapter 3 the various appointments as Minister of State are studied for each monarch. Chapter 4 examines the present-day role of Minister of State. In Chapter 5 a comparative legal study is made of whether other countries also have a Minister of State and what parallels and differences can be seen in relation to this title in the Netherlands.Chapter 6 brings together the findings of the research study and presents the conclusions that were drawn. Show less
Corporate taxation has become an important topic of public debate and corporate tax planning has met with strong societal criticism. In response to these societal concerns, the Organization for... Show moreCorporate taxation has become an important topic of public debate and corporate tax planning has met with strong societal criticism. In response to these societal concerns, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) launched the OECD/G20 BEPS project. In light of these developments, research on the professional practice of corporate tax planning has become more relevant. In this book, the author investigates tax professionals’ reactions to changing societal expectations of corporate tax planning. Taking a qualitative approach, the responses of different types of tax professionals of the Dutch corporate tax field were examined. Particular attention was paid to the manner in which tax professionals understand corporate tax planning and the public discussion, to what degree societal norms influence the professional practice of corporate taxation, and to what degree tax professionals have altered their role perceptions in response to public concerns of corporate tax planning. Show less
Ten years ago, the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) was created, centralizing European banking supervision. In the SSM, the European Central Bank (ECB) cooperates closely with the National... Show moreTen years ago, the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) was created, centralizing European banking supervision. In the SSM, the European Central Bank (ECB) cooperates closely with the National Competent Authorities (NCAs). The unprecedented degree of integration between NCAs and the ECB leads to supervision often being a joint exercise. SSM composite procedures are a specific type of such a joint exercise.Composite procedures culminate in a final ECB or NCA decision, yet are based on input from both. This integrated decision-making forms a paradox with the European system of judicial protection, which to an important extent remains to be organised dualistically. In short, national courts still review only national acts while the EU Courts, in principle, review only EU acts.This paradox raises concerns regarding effective judicial protection. This dissertation aims to investigate whether the EU principle of effective judicial protection is currently safeguarded within the SSM, particularly where it concerns composite procedures. It examines both the action for annulment and the action for damages, addressing the interplay between the EU and Dutch national legal framework. It is concluded that effective judicial protection is not always achieved. The dissertation therefore proposes several recommendations aimed at enhancing effective judicial protection within SSM composite procedures. Show less
This dissertation is about intra-EU workers and labour law related (bogus) constructions under which they work in the Netherlands and other EU member states.Through the following two main research... Show moreThis dissertation is about intra-EU workers and labour law related (bogus) constructions under which they work in the Netherlands and other EU member states.Through the following two main research questions this situation is outlined and analysed.1. To what extent do intra-EU workers in the Netherlands work under labour law related (bogus) constructions that (financially) disadvantage them?2. What are the perceptions of intra-EU workers regarding the use of labour law related (bogus) constructions and their working conditions and circumstances under which they work in the Netherlands and other EU member states?In each chapter of this thesis, these questions are elaborated into more specific research questions.In this research both legal and empirical research that fits within the Empirical Legal Studies (ELS) framework is conducted. Through this combination of research methods it was viable to link the collected empirical (interview) data to the legal data based on literature and case law research. Hence, the theory (law in books) was tested against facts and observations (law in action). Moreover, by establishing this link the present research adds a new and valuable dimension to current academic legal and social scientific research. Show less
Zorgverzekeraars sluiten ten behoeve van ruim driekwart van hun verzekerden zorginkoopovereenkomsten met zorgaanbieders over de aan verzekerden te verlenen zorg. Onder de invloed van marktdenken is... Show moreZorgverzekeraars sluiten ten behoeve van ruim driekwart van hun verzekerden zorginkoopovereenkomsten met zorgaanbieders over de aan verzekerden te verlenen zorg. Onder de invloed van marktdenken is de contractsvrijheid in de zorginkoopverhouding stapsgewijs vergroot, zodat zorgverzekeraars de rol van ‘doelmatige, klantgerichte regisseurs van zorg’ kunnen vervullen. De overheid bepaalt in een nog altijd omvangrijk regelgevend kader de randvoorwaarden voor de werking van het zorgverzekeringsstelsel en houdt toezicht.De rechten en verplichtingen van zorgverzekeraars en zorgaanbieders in dit gemengde publiek-privaatrechtelijke kader zijn het onderwerp van dit proefschrift. De zorginkoopovereenkomst wordt civielrechtelijk geduid, op zichzelf en in verhouding tot de zorgverzekering en de geneeskundige behandelingsovereenkomst. Het proefschrift biedt een analyse van de doorwerking van regelgeving, zoals de Zorgverzekeringswet en de Wet marktordening gezondheidszorg, de daarop gebaseerde lagere regelgeving en de uitoefening van de bevoegdheden van de Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit bij aanmerkelijke marktmacht in de (pre-)contractuele verhouding. Getoetst wordt of zorgverzekeraars aanbestedende diensten zijn. De hoedanigheid van de zorgverzekeraar wordt gekenschetst en onderzocht wordt welke invloed in de rechtspraak aan die hoedanigheid en de betrokkenheid van publieke belangen wordt toegekend en welke invloed daaraan zou moeten worden toegekend. Show less
In landen met een ‘common law’ rechtssysteem wordt het woord ‘trust’ in de juridische zin gebruikt om te verwijzen naar de rechtsfiguur trust. De trust is gebaseerd op vertrouwen en is één van de... Show moreIn landen met een ‘common law’ rechtssysteem wordt het woord ‘trust’ in de juridische zin gebruikt om te verwijzen naar de rechtsfiguur trust. De trust is gebaseerd op vertrouwen en is één van de meest toegepaste rechtsfiguren in de internationale financiering- en estate planningspraktijk. Een insteller, de settlor, vertrouwt goederen toe aan een trustee, die vervolgens deze beheert ten behoeve van één of meer beneficiaries, of ter verwezenlijking van een bepaald doel. De trust wordt onder meer gebruikt om familievermogen te beschermen en aan de volgende generatie over te dragen, risicovol beleggen te faciliteren, ondernemingsvermogen veilig te stellen of het beheren van pensioengelden.De trust komt soms negatief in het nieuws, in verband met belastingontduiking en belastingontduiking. Niet geheel terecht, omdat in de ‘common law’ landen evenals in Nederland, anti-misbruikinstrumenten worden ingezet ter bestrijding van belastingontwijking en belastingduiking via vennootschappen en trusts. Deze negatieve connotatie is te wijten aan de vele misvattingen over juridische structuur van de trust in landen met een continentaal rechtssysteem zoals Nederland. Door deze misvattingen – in de politiek en de rechtsliteratuur – is de trust nimmer in het Nederlandse recht ingevoerd. Immers, onbekend maakt onbemind.Dit onderzoek behelst een rechtsvergelijkend onderzoek naar de Anglo-Amerikaanse trust, de Curaçaose trust en de introductie van de trust in het Nederlandse recht. Daarbij worden aan de hand van onder andere het Anglo-Amerikaanse trustrecht concrete oplossingen voor de rechtspraktijk gepresenteerd voor zowel de reparatie van de Curaçaose trustwetgeving als de wijze waarop de trust in het Nederlandse recht kan worden ingevoerd. Show less
A franchise relationship is usually an asymmetrical relationship because a franchisor exclusively possesses essential information about the franchisor and the franchise system and holds superior... Show moreA franchise relationship is usually an asymmetrical relationship because a franchisor exclusively possesses essential information about the franchisor and the franchise system and holds superior bargaining power over a franchisee. Accordingly, a franchisee is susceptible to franchisor opportunism that could inflict financial loss to the franchisee. This book aims to propose guidelines for formulating private law rules in comprehensive franchise legislation to protect a franchisee against the franchisor’s unfair conduct. This book compares the franchise legal framework of the European Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), the United States of America (USA), and Australia. The main conclusions of the comparative study are as follows. First, comprehensive franchise law should contain rules requiring a franchisor to provide a prospective franchisee with complete, current, and accurate pre-contractual information. Second, the law should contain rules regulating the franchisor’s encroaching conduct and the franchisor’s duty to provide the franchisee with initial and ongoing assistance. Third, the law should contain rules regulating the franchisor’s unfair conduct concerning transfer, non-renewal, and termination of a franchise contract. Fourth, the law should establish a remedial system that provides an aggrieved franchisee with mechanisms to compel the franchisor’s performance of the duties, claim damages, and cancel a franchise agreement. Show less
In recent decades, countries around the globe have taken measures to stop sexual exploitation of children by transnational offenders. But despite the growing attention for this problem, scientific... Show moreIn recent decades, countries around the globe have taken measures to stop sexual exploitation of children by transnational offenders. But despite the growing attention for this problem, scientific research about sexual exploitation of children in the context of travel and tourism (SECTT) is in its infancy. Using a novel application of the theoretical framework of guardianship to SECTT, this doctoral dissertation investigates the role of third parties in combating child sexual exploitation by transnational offenders. How can governments, in both destination and sending countries, enact guardianship against SECTT? To what extent can individual citizens, like you and me, help to stop it? And which lessons can be learned for more effective policy?The studies in this book illustrate the possibilities and challenges for governments and citizens to enact guardianship against SECTT, while demonstrating different research methods that can be used to bring more light to this under-researched problem. Highlighting the importance of perceptions, unpicking the responsibilities of sending countries, and at times challenging popular conceptions, the book’s timely plea against superficial solutions draws attention to the need for more evidence-based policy. Those involved in child protection, from academics to practitioners, will find the material in this book an insightful starting point to inform new ways of confronting SECTT. Show less
The study focuses on how to establish prohibited airspace over conflict zones.This study endeavors to answer the following research questions:1) What are the conditions, including legal... Show moreThe study focuses on how to establish prohibited airspace over conflict zones.This study endeavors to answer the following research questions:1) What are the conditions, including legal requirements, for establishing prohibited airspace?2) Who has jurisdiction to establish prohibited airspace?3) How can the status quo be changed with respect to prohibited airspace to enhance aviation security?The establishment of prohibited airspace concerns on the one hand, the principle of air sovereignty, agreed by governments as recognized in Article 1 Chicago Convention, and on the other hand, the object of agreeing on this principle to “develop international civil aviation in a safe and orderly manner”.Threads running through the chapters are the themes of sovereignty, jurisdiction, and territory. Show less
This dissertation discusses the injunction and whether there is a claim for a preventive remedy. It explains how the injunction is regulated in Dutch law, when it can be pronounced and what the... Show moreThis dissertation discusses the injunction and whether there is a claim for a preventive remedy. It explains how the injunction is regulated in Dutch law, when it can be pronounced and what the grounds for refusal are.Using supranational law, the requirements that a remedy must meet to be effective are examined. It concludes that a remedy is effective if it can enforce substantive rights, can be deployed in a timely manner, has a deterrent function and is proportionate.Three themes are then used to examine whether the national regime is in line with those requirements. In that regard, the role and freedom of the courts, the situation where performance has become impossible, and collective actions against the government are examined.The conclusion is that the national regulation is adequate. Show less
The traditional concept of employment, which involved fixed, permanent contracts, with full time hours and security in work has gradually been replaced by a ‘neoliberal’ model of employment that... Show moreThe traditional concept of employment, which involved fixed, permanent contracts, with full time hours and security in work has gradually been replaced by a ‘neoliberal’ model of employment that prioritises the development of competitive labour markets through increased flexibility in work. This shift has resulted in increasing levels of ‘precarious’ work: forms on non-standard employment that places the individual in a situation where they have little security in work or power over their working situation. Examples of precarious employment include platform work, zero-hour and on-demand contracts, the repeated use of temporary/short-term contracts, and bogus/false self-employment.The European Precariat asks what level of protection is available to EU migrant workers engaged in precarious employment, who must navigate complex national migration and social security rules linked to their employment status. The thesis assesses how economic and political changes affect the constitutional and political limitations of European integration; how the legal framework applicable to precarious workers risks creating gaps in the law and excluding them from certain protections; and finally suggests how EU migrant workers engaged in precarious work can be better protected under EU law while adhering to the economic, political, and constitutional limitations of the legal system. Show less
De doelstelling van dit onderzoek is het begrip 'bevrijdend verweer' nader te definiëren, het begrip af te bakenen en structuur in het leerstuk aan te brengen. Een systematische, overzichtelijke... Show moreDe doelstelling van dit onderzoek is het begrip 'bevrijdend verweer' nader te definiëren, het begrip af te bakenen en structuur in het leerstuk aan te brengen. Een systematische, overzichtelijke ordening is hierbij leidraad. De reeds bestaande inzichten over het begrip zijn in het onderzoek verwerkt. Het boek biedt zowel verdieping als praktische toepasbaarheid; het onderzoek beoogt niet alleen de wetenschap te dienen, maar vooral ook de civiele procespraktijk. De insteek is pragmatisch; een zo efficiënt mogelijk gevoerde civiele procedure is voor de rechtspraktijk van groot belang. Aan de praktijkjurist worden instrumenten geboden om een goede analyse te kunnen maken van de stelplicht en bewijslast in een te behandelen zaak; niet alleen aan verweerder ingeval van een mogelijk beroep op bevrijdend verweer, maar ook aan eiser om te kunnen anticiperen op een mogelijk bevrijdend verweer. Regelmatig worden illustratieve praktijkvoorbeelden en processuele tips gegeven. De (relatief) korte (sub)paragrafen van het boek zijn zodanig opgebouwd dat het boek tevens als naslagwerk kan dienen. Het is van belang dat een praktijkjurist zijn bewijsrechtelijke positie kan bepalen op basis van de feitelijke grondslag en weet te anticiperen op de waarschijnlijke bewijslastverdeling. Een advies om al dan niet te gaan procederen of verweer te voeren wint dan aan zeggingskracht. Een goede analyse van de wederzijdse stellingen en de daaraan verbonden rechtsgevolgen is daarbij startpunt. Vooraf moet een oordeel worden gevormd over de haalbaarheid van een procedure in verband met eventuele procesrisico's. Veel gespecialiseerde praktijkjuristen opereren in bepaalde echtsgebieden en zijn zich er soms niet van bewust dat bewijsrechtelijke beslissingen samenhangen met het algemene bewijsrecht, waaronder begrepen regels inzake bevrijdende verweren. Het boek beoogt een gefundeerde toepassing in de rechtspraktijk van het bevrijdend verweer te bewerkstelligen zodat het begrip 'bevrijdend verweer' meer inhoudt dan een toverformule. Show less
The effect of directives within the area of direct taxation on tax treaties has become more and more relevant in light of the increasing overlap between situations covered by directives and tax... Show moreThe effect of directives within the area of direct taxation on tax treaties has become more and more relevant in light of the increasing overlap between situations covered by directives and tax treaties, the changing nature of obligations arising from directives, and the interpretation by the EU Court of Justice of terms in directives that are similar to terms used in tax treaties. This book contains an analysis of the effect of directives on the interpretation and application of tax treaties from the perspectives of public international law and the laws of the EU. Regarding the effect of directives on the interpretation of tax treaties, this book addresses the question whether directives qualify must be taken into account when resorting to article 3(2) OECD Model and article 31 Vienna Convention 1969 and, if so, to what extent they could affect the interpretation of a tax treaty (while taking into account the duty of conforming interpretation). Additionally, this book looks into to what extent directives could affect the application of tax treaties under the conflict rules of public international law (lex posterior, lex specialis) as well as by means of the primacy of directives under the laws of the EU Show less
This research analyses to what extent China is achieving decent work based on a case study of decent working time. The word ‘achieving’ underlines that China is still in the process of securing... Show moreThis research analyses to what extent China is achieving decent work based on a case study of decent working time. The word ‘achieving’ underlines that China is still in the process of securing this aim. This research builds on a mixed methodology of case study, historical analysis, content analysis, structured critical analysis, and comparative law. The findings show that the development goal of decent work has not been achieved in China, but there are some significant developments. Particularly, many labour standards with regard to workers’ health and safety have markedly been intensified and increased, as have the making and enforcement of Chinese labour laws, which both are signals that China has created an environment receptive to further reform and development on its path to achieving decent work. Show less
Because of the development of the internet and the associated digital opportunities, the crimes of possession and distribution of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) have gone through tremendous... Show moreBecause of the development of the internet and the associated digital opportunities, the crimes of possession and distribution of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) have gone through tremendous changes and developments over the last decennia. Nowadays, many CSAM offenders access and distribute CSAM through the Darkweb, the hidden and encrypted part of the internet. This book offers a description of the criminal process and the organization of CSAM fora on the Darkweb. Moreover, it describes how ‘keyplayers’ on such fora can be identified, and distinguishes various profiles and behavioral patterns of offenders active on Darkweb CSAM fora. Finally, the book describes how trust on the online fora is established. The studies described in this book provide an important, evidence-based contribution to the current knowledge on online CSAM offending. Extensively discussing practical implications for law enforcement and other professional organizations, this book is of relevance to academics as well as practitioners. Show less
I began this book with the observation that top remuneration in the Netherlands causes commotion and social unrest. Among other things, this unrest has led to remuneration legislation, which in the... Show moreI began this book with the observation that top remuneration in the Netherlands causes commotion and social unrest. Among other things, this unrest has led to remuneration legislation, which in the eyes of some is too intrusive and encounters legal objections. Intervention in wages is certainly not new; after World War II, the Dutch government sometimes interfered intensively with wage development. There were various reasons and justifications for this, such as economic stability, control of government spending and proportional income distribution. Partly under the influence of ILO standards on collective bargaining freedom, the role of government, more specifically in the capacity of legislator, in wage setting has diminished. In the 21st century, until now, the emphasis has been on regulating top pay. The public outcry about it obviously plays a role in this, but many other reasons have been advanced to justify this government intervention. These include prudent use of public funds and reducing financial incentives through rewarding undesirable or even risky behavior. Although the context of and reasons for intervening in top pay differ from previous pay measures, the question remains whether the government, the legislature, may do so. In this dissertation, I examined where the main legal limits of legal intervention in top pay lie. To what extent can the Dutch government legally intervene in top pay? I examined two fundamental rights, being the right to property and the right to free collective bargaining, and concurrence with equivalent remuneration standards to determine these limits. Show less
The character of the use and exploration of outer space has changed dramatically since the first artificial satellite was launched in 1957. The question this research addresses is whether the... Show moreThe character of the use and exploration of outer space has changed dramatically since the first artificial satellite was launched in 1957. The question this research addresses is whether the existing international legal framework for space activities adequately regulates current and future challenges and opportunities of the use, exploration and exploitation of outer space, and if not, how this can be remedied. It answers these questions in a series of published articles.Although the legal framework that was adopted by States since the 1960s is of immense value and must be preserved, the rapid pace at which technology advances and the increase and variety of actors in this field imply that it cannot address all challenges and opportunities in a sustainable, safe and secure manner.The existing legal framework must be clarified and supplemented, and the adoption of soft law, guidelines, resolutions at international and regional level, as well as the reinforcement of national frameworks and industry best practices seems the most pragmatic way forward.Outer space is an international realm and in formulating future space law it is essential to strive for a set of common rules of behaviour, including the views and needs of all stakeholders. Show less
Universiteiten zijn parttime ondernemingen. Ze zetten bedrijven op, adviseren overheden en bedrijven en verstrekken durfkapitaal aan start-ups. Deze vormen van academisch ondernemerschap worden... Show moreUniversiteiten zijn parttime ondernemingen. Ze zetten bedrijven op, adviseren overheden en bedrijven en verstrekken durfkapitaal aan start-ups. Deze vormen van academisch ondernemerschap worden verricht door instituten die worden bekostigd uit publieke middelen. Maar wie de Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek (WHW) er op naslaat zal daarin geen normen over academisch ondernemerschap vinden. Deze normen moeten worden gezocht in diverse juridisch bindende en niet-juridisch bindende documenten. In dit proefschrift is onderzocht op welke wijze het academisch ondernemerschap in Nederland wordt genormeerd en in hoeverre deze normering duidelijk is voor actoren binnen universiteiten en andere betrokkenen. Om deze vraag te beantwoorden zijn perspectieven betrokken vanuit het onderwijs(bekostigings)recht, het Europees staatssteunrecht en de academischevrijheid & wetenschappelijke integriteit. Daarin gelden diverse normen die zijn gebaseerd op uitgangspunten zoals de doelmatige besteding van publieke middelen door universiteiten, eerlijke concurrentie met particuliere ondernemers die geen publiek geld ontvangen, publicatievrijheid en het tegengaan van belangenverstrengeling. In dit proefschrift zijn de normen geanalyseerd en onduidelijkheden daarin aangewezen. Show less
