This book explores the new types of political organization that emerged in Western Europe and the United States during the nineteenth century, from popular meetings to single-issue organizations... Show moreThis book explores the new types of political organization that emerged in Western Europe and the United States during the nineteenth century, from popular meetings to single-issue organizations and political parties. The development of these has often been used to demonstrate a movement towards democratic representation or political institutionalization. This volume challenges the idea that the development of ‘democracy’ is a story of rise and progress at all. It is rather a story of continuous but never completely satisfying attempts of interpreting the rule of the people. Taking the perspective of nineteenth-century organizers as its point of departure, this study shows that contemporaries hardly distinguished between petitioning, meeting and association. The attraction of organizing was that it promised representation, accountability and popular participation. Only in the twentieth century did parties reliable partners for the state in averting revolution, managing the unpredictable effects of universal suffrage, and reforming society. This collection analyzes them in their earliest stage, as just one of several types of civil society organizations, that did not differ that much from each other. The promise of organization, and the experiments that resulted from it, deeply impacted modern politics. Show less
The EastAfrican Community (EAC) is a regional intergovernmental and supranationalorganizationcurrently comprising the Republics of Burundi, Kenya,Rwanda,South Sudan, the United Republic of Tanzania... Show moreThe EastAfrican Community (EAC) is a regional intergovernmental and supranationalorganizationcurrently comprising the Republics of Burundi, Kenya,Rwanda,South Sudan, the United Republic of Tanzania, and the Republic ofUganda.Established in 2000, the EAC aims at widening and deepening cooperationamong itsPartner States in, among others, political, economic andsocialfields.Theorganization has established a Customs Union (2005) and a CommonMarket(2010), and is in the process of establishing a Monetary Union. Itsultimateobjective is to establish a complete political (con)federation. Itemphasizesstrong participation of the private sector and civil society. Theaccomplishmentof these objectives requires an elaborate and functionallypurposedinstitutionalframework.The EACaims at far deeper integration than envisioned by its predecessor,whilstsimultaneously avoiding the mistakes that led to the failure of previousattempts atEast African integration. Important safeguards include a gradualapproach tointegration and guarantees to ensure an equitable division of thebenefits ofintegration.There is ageneral consensus that the European Union (EU) was an importantsource ofinspiration and provided a normative model for the EAC. Indeedthe EACTreaty and the Protocols have adopted and adapted significant partsof the EU’sinstitutional and legal framework. The normative appeal of the EUin thisregard can also be readily understood. Despite all the past and presentfailuresand challenges facing the EU, no objective observer can deny the benefitsof Europeanintegration in terms of peace, stability and prosperity. Whatstarted 60years ago as a Community between six Member States in a Europedestroyedby two world wars has now developed into the most peaceful andprosperousblock in the world.Consequently,there are lessons to be learned from the European experience,includingthe crucial role of the law and of lawyers in the process of integration,be theyjudges, lawmakers, civil servants, academics or practitioners.The law isone of the most powerful and indispensable instruments to achievetrueintegration, as effective integration requires some form of supranationallegalsystem. That is what we mean by “Integration through law”. Awareness ofthepossibilities the law offers, therefore, is extremely important for any formof regionalintegration. The mainchallenges facing the EAC today in this regard are how to safeguardthe qualityof the increasing body of Community law, how to monitor compliance,and how tomake EAC law binding and enforceable within national legalsystems.All of these are challenges that the EU has faced in the past and isstillfacing, and where both the success and the failures of the EU may be ofcomparativeuse to the EAC, certainly considering the many similarities in theinstitutionaland legal framework of both and the similarities of the challengesfaced. The mainpurpose of this book, initiated by the Leiden Centre for theComparativeStudy of EAC law (LEAC) in close cooperation with Hon. JusticeDrUgirashebuja, the current President of the East African Court of Justice, isto be asource of information and education for all those involved in shaping,improvingand studying integration in the EAC. By comparing each aspect ofbothinstitutional and substantive EAC law with its nearest counterpart EU law,we hope tohave created a vital tool to better understand and move forward theintegrationprocess in East Africa. Consideringthese aims, we are proud that, thanks to the generous support ofthe lawfirm Allen & Overy LLP, the European Union and the Europa Instituteof theUniversity of Leiden, this book will not just be available in printed formbut willalso be freely available online via a completely Open Access agreementwith BrillPublishers. Show less
Magnifying Perspectives is a festschrift for Robert Ross, Emeritus Professor of African History at Leiden University. The contributions have been written by the students and colleagues of Robert... Show moreMagnifying Perspectives is a festschrift for Robert Ross, Emeritus Professor of African History at Leiden University. The contributions have been written by the students and colleagues of Robert Ross, reflecting his broad-ranging thematic and geographical research interests. Individual chapters cover topics such as slavery, gender and gossip, but also reflect an eye for detail in narrating about mosquitoes, semaphores and pineapples. Big themes such as race and imperialism are tackled by paying attention to language, material objects and the powerful role of individuals in shaping history. Contributions on all parts of the African continent, from Nigeria and Mali to Angola and South Africa, as well as Britain and Australia are included. This book attempts to do justice to the unique approach to African history which Robert Ross advocated, an approach which emphasises the complexity and dignity of human nature by placing it at the centre of historical writing. Show less
The Early Iron Age Hallstatt C period in Northwest and Central Europe is marked by the emergence of monumental tumuli with lavish burials, some of which are known as chieftain’s or princely graves.... Show moreThe Early Iron Age Hallstatt C period in Northwest and Central Europe is marked by the emergence of monumental tumuli with lavish burials, some of which are known as chieftain’s or princely graves. This new burial rite reflects one of the most noteworthy developments in Early Iron Age Europe: the rise of a new and elaborate way of elite representation north of the Alps.These sumptuous burials contain beautiful weaponry, bronze vessels and extravagantly decorated wagons and horse-gear. They reflect long-distance connections in material culture and elite (burial) practices across the breadth of Northwest and Central Europe. Research into this period, however, tends to be regionally focused and poorly accessible to scholars from other areas – language barriers in particular are a hindering factor.In an attempt to overcome this, Connecting Elites and Regions brings together scholars from several research traditions and nations who present regional overviews and discussions of elite burials and material culture from all over Northwest and Central Europe. In many cases these are the first overviews available in English and together they make regional research accessible to a wider audience. As such this volume contributes to and hopes to stimulate research on the Early Iron Age Hallstatt C period on a European scale. Show less
Historically, entrepreneurs have always played a central role in the development of nation states. Aside from rentier states, which depend extensively on the availability of mineral resource rents,... Show moreHistorically, entrepreneurs have always played a central role in the development of nation states. Aside from rentier states, which depend extensively on the availability of mineral resource rents, most economically prosperous nations in the world have strong, innovative and competitive business enterprises and entrepreneurs as the bedrock of their economic development and prosperity. It was arguably because of the above historical fact that the World Bank in 1989 declared that entrepreneurs will play a central role in transforming African economies. This collective volume deals with theory, structure and practice of entrepreneurship in diverse African countries, including Angola, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Contributions: Introduction (Akinyinka Akinyoade, Ton Dietz and Chibuike Uche). Part 1: Examination of related theories and innovations. Methodological challenges of entrepreneurship research in the least developed East African Countries (Emiel L. Eijdenberg); Africapitalism: a management idea for business in Africa? (Kenneth Amaeshi and Uwafiokun Idemudia); Inclusive business in Africa: priorities, strategies and challenges (Addisu A. Lashitew and Rob van Tulder); Innovation as a key to success? Case studies of innovative start-ups in Kenya and Nigeria (Miguel Heilbron, André Leliveld and Peter Knorringa); Innovation in manufacturing SMEs in Kenya, Ghana and Tanzania: a grounded view on the research and policy issues (Jaap Voeten). Part 2: Entrepreneurship development, country studies. An institutional analysis of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria (Abel Ezeoha and Afam Ituma); Entrepreneurship development in Africa: insights from Nigeria's and Zimbabwe's telecoms (Nnamdi O. Madichie, Knowledge Mpofu and Jerry Kolo); The development of entrepreneurship in Sudan (Yagoub Ali Gangi and Hesham E. Mohammed); Challenges to entrepreneurship development in Tanzania (Nsubili Isaga and Albogast Musabila); Institutional and contextual factors effects on entrepreneurship in Cameroon: the case of the transport sector (Françoise Okah-Efogo and Crescence Marie-France Okah-Atenga). Part 3: Entrepreneurship and sectoral considerations or determinants. Dangote cement: the challenges of pan-African expansion (Akinyinka Akinyoade and Chibuike Uche); Culture as a facilitator and a barrier to entrepreneurship development in Uganda (Jane N.O. Khayesi, Arthur Sserwanga and Rebecca Kiconco); African women large-scale entrepreneurs: cases from Angola, Nigeria and Ghana (Miriam Siun, Akinyinka Akinyoade and Ewurabena Quaye); Financial barriers and how to overcome them: the case of women entrepreneurs in Tanzania (Marta Lindvert); Gentlemanly capitalism and entrepreneurial management: formation and rise of Nigeria's Guaranty Trust Bank, 19902002 (Ayodeji Olukoju); Indigenous banking enterprises: the rise of Nigerian multinational banks (Chibuike Uche). [ASC Leiden abstract] Show less
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