The objective of this study is to determine to what extent the land law reform which was implemented in Cameroon in 1974 caused dislocations of local norms, and to what extent it gave the State... Show moreThe objective of this study is to determine to what extent the land law reform which was implemented in Cameroon in 1974 caused dislocations of local norms, and to what extent it gave the State better control and management of land. More specifically, the author's aim is to examine how different categories of people reacted to the land reforms, and how the new laws have affected other normative and value systems that governed land tenure before the reform. The study focuses on North-West Province (NWP), but a comparison is made with South-West Province (SWP). After a survey of the evolution of land law reforms in Cameroon, the author deals with land use practices in NWP, the responses of different groups to the 1974 land reform, situations of legal pluralism, the role of the State elite in land tenure reforms, the responses of businessmen, the traditional elite, women and peasants, and land registration trends in SWP as compared with those in NWP. In conclusion, the author assesses the value of such theoretical concepts as 'legal pluralism' and 'semi-autonomous social fields' for the subject studied Show less
Dans cette étude l'auteur analyse les problèmes liés à l'application du droit foncier dans la ville de Ziguinchor, capitale de la région méridionale du Sénégal. Le titre de cet ouvrage évoque les... Show moreDans cette étude l'auteur analyse les problèmes liés à l'application du droit foncier dans la ville de Ziguinchor, capitale de la région méridionale du Sénégal. Le titre de cet ouvrage évoque les pratiques foncières de tous les acteurs: l'État (composé de différents groupes, tendances, fractions) et les populations (également composées de groupes occupant des positions sociales diverses). Il suggère un certain rapport de subordination entre les pratiques foncières (au sens sociologique) et le droit foncier officiel. Même si la loi n'est pas toujours appliquée dans toute sa rigueur, elle est dans une certaine mesure `efficace', parce qu'elle permet aux acteurs d'anticiper à l'égard de la règle en l'ajustant aux circonstances du moment. Les pratiques foncières sont ainsi `à l'ombre', c'est-à-dire `tout près de' la loi qui, malgré tout, peut constituer un rempart pour les populations contre les abus de pouvoir de l'État Show less
This report is the first in a series dealing with food supply and nutrition among labourers on large farms in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya. It examines two important aspects of the labourers' food... Show moreThis report is the first in a series dealing with food supply and nutrition among labourers on large farms in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya. It examines two important aspects of the labourers' food and nutritional situation, i.e. the incomes they earn from their labour on the large farms and the extra provisions they enjoy. Data presented in the report were obtained during a survey of a stratified sample of 46 large farms in the district which was carried out in 1989 and which focused on the labour conditions on large farms. Questions were asked about the number of labourers, the wages the farm owners paid them, and the provisions they received, such as housing, sanitary facilities, medical services, a piece of land. Three categories of labourers were distinguished: permanent labourers, casual labourers, and resident casuals. The study shows that labour in Trans Nzoia was used in an exploitative manner by quite a number of employers. On average, the wages for both permanent and casual labourers were below the legal minimum. The labourers were also in a bad position legally. Although many casual labourers worked on a very regular basis on one and the same farm, it was difficult for them to obtain the status of permanent labourer. Moreover, the labourers living on the farms (the permanent labourers and the resident casuals) were faced with restrictions on land use and work outside the farms Show less
This thesis gives an overview of the Maasai livestock economy as it has developed between 1890 and 1990. Particularly, it analyses the processes and policies of land use and landownership of the... Show moreThis thesis gives an overview of the Maasai livestock economy as it has developed between 1890 and 1990. Particularly, it analyses the processes and policies of land use and landownership of the Maasai pastoral areas in Kajiado district, Kenya, from the arrival of the Europeans until the recent massive individualization of land tenure. The loss of grazing pastures due to increased cultivation, the establishment of game parks and mineral exploitation is said to undermine the livestock economy of Maasai pastoralists in Kajiado district. Furthermore, the recent subdivision of group ranches into too small individual holdings, it is feared, will result in the selling of land to outsiders. This study examines the outcome of this process as well as the Maasai response of economic intensification and diversification, including increasing the productivity of the herd, cultivation, wage employment, outmigration, etc. Fieldwork for the study was carried out in 1988-1989. Show less
This report, the second in a series of three dealing with food supply and nutrition among labourers on large farms in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya, examines the living conditions, household... Show moreThis report, the second in a series of three dealing with food supply and nutrition among labourers on large farms in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya, examines the living conditions, household resources, food consumption and nutritional situation in the labourers' households. The data were collected in June and July 1989 among some 300 households. Three types of labourers' households are distinguished, i.e. permanent labourers living on the large farms, casual labourers living on the farms ('resident casuals'), and casual labourers living outside the farms ('nonresident casuals'). For comparison a group of households was included in which nobody had performed any casual labour on a large farm during the year prior to the survey ('nonlabourers'). The results show that the households on the large farms have very little land at their disposal. In this respect, the situation of the nonresident casuals and in particular that of the nonlabourers is better. The households outside the farms are by far the wealthiest group. The average energy intake in the three groups of labourers' households is almost the same and 700 kcal lower than the estimated energy requirements. The nutritional condition of the children in the three groups of labourers' households is not very good. The study reveals that of the four study groups, the resident casuals can be considered the most vulnerable Show less
Etniciteit is bij uitstek geschikt om in veranderingsprocessen te bemiddelen tussen fundamenteel verschillend gestructureerde sociale verbanden, en met name tussen het plaatselijk niveau enerzijds... Show moreEtniciteit is bij uitstek geschikt om in veranderingsprocessen te bemiddelen tussen fundamenteel verschillend gestructureerde sociale verbanden, en met name tussen het plaatselijk niveau enerzijds, de staat en wijde economische structuren anderzijds. Om deze stelling te illustreren geeft de auteur een beschrijving van een ceremonie, genaamd 'Kazanga', die elk jaar op 1 juli plaatsvindt in Shikombwe, Kaoma District, in het westen van Zambia. De beschrijving is gebaseerd op waarnemingen tijdens het festival van 1989. De inwoners van Shikombwe, een koninklijke residentie, beschouwen zich als Nkoya. De auteur bespreekt de ontwikkeling van de Nkoya tot zelfbewuste etnische groep en het ontstaan van de 'Culturele Vereniging Kazanga', die het propageren van de plaatselijke 'Nkoya' cultuur, door middel van het gelijknamige festival, als belangrijkste doelstelling heeft. Eerst houdt de auteur zich bezig met het officiële gedeelte, waarin 'Kazanga' verschijnt als bemiddeling gericht op de nationale staat. Vervolgens gaat hij na hoe het festival door zijn organisatorische vormgeving de plaatselijke cultuur selecteert en transformeert. Ten slotte wordt aandacht geschonken aan de specifieke aard van symbolische productie die het festival kenmerkt en waarin zijn bemiddelend karakter het meest tot uitdrukking komt. Show less
