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Chevalier, D.A.M. 2018

‘A Continuous Process of Becoming’: The Relevance of Qualitative Research into the Storylines of Law

Article / Letter to editor

open access

The maxim ‘law in books and law in action’ relays an implicit dichotomy, and though the constitutive nature of law is nowadays commonly professed, the reflex remains to use law in books as an... Show moreThe maxim ‘law in books and law in action’ relays an implicit dichotomy, and though the constitutive nature of law is nowadays commonly professed, the reflex remains to use law in books as an autonomous starting point. Law however, it is argued in this article, has a storyline that commences before its institutional formalisation. Law as ‘a continuous process of becoming’ encompasses both law in books and law in action, and law in action encompasses timelines both before and after the formal coming about of law. To fully understand law, it is necessary to understand the entire storyline of law. Qualitative studies in law and society are well equipped to offer valuable insights on the facets of law outside the books. The insights are not additional to doctrinal understanding, but part and parcel of it. To illustrate this, an ethnographic case study of local bylaws regulating an ethnically diverse public space of everyday life is expanded upon. The case study is used to demonstrate the insights qualitative data yields with regard to the dynamics in which law comes about, and how these dynamics continue for law in action after law has made the books. This particular case study moreover exemplifies how law is one of many truths in the context in which it operates, and how formalised law is reflective of the power constellations that have brought it forth. Show less

Duijvenvoorde, G.P. van 2018

Marktregulering en digitale connectiviteit: Over onbegrensde elektronische communicatie en de prijs van geïndividualiseerde benaderingen

Article / Letter to editor

open access

De regulering van de telecommunicatiemarkt geeft de randvoorwaarden voor concurrentie op deze markt met als doelstelling om innovatie op het gebied van connectiviteit te bevorderen, connectiviteit... Show moreDe regulering van de telecommunicatiemarkt geeft de randvoorwaarden voor concurrentie op deze markt met als doelstelling om innovatie op het gebied van connectiviteit te bevorderen, connectiviteit voor een ieder beschikbaar te stellen en daarbij te voorzien in voldoende keuzemogelijkheden. De vrijheid om als individu elektronische communicatiemiddelen, via allerlei applicaties (apps), te gebruiken wordt door specifieke neutneutraliteitsregels gewaarborgd. Allerlei digitale platforms hebben zich met gebruikmaking van geavanceerde infrastructuren kunnen ontwikkelen. Zij bieden bedrijven, instellingen en individuen een groot bereik en vele mogelijkheden tot geïndividualiseerde benaderingen. Een actuele vraag is of de traditionele wijze van marktregulering met aannames over concurrentie en prijsvorming toereikend is om een optimale bescherming van de concurrentie en individuen te bereiken. Deze bijdrage belicht enkele uitgangspunten van de marktregulering, en schetst de recente discussies. Hieruit blijkt dat het waarderen van de prijs van geïndividualiseerde benaderingen vragen opwerpt die zich vooralsnog lastig laten vertalen in een juridische aanpak. Show less

Horii, H. 2018

Child marriage, not all alike

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Blocq, D.S.; Woude, M.A.H. van der 2018

Making Sense of the Law and Society Movement

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Eck, B.M.A. van; Bovens, M.; Zouridis, S. 2018

Algoritmische rechtstoepassing in de democratische rechtsstaat

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Kentin, E.; Kaarto, H. 2018

An EU ban on microplastics in cosmetic products and the right to regulate

Article / Letter to editor

open access

In January 2018, the European Commission initiated a restriction procedure on microplastics in cosmetic products. This article deals with the legal implications of a European Union (EU) restriction... Show moreIn January 2018, the European Commission initiated a restriction procedure on microplastics in cosmetic products. This article deals with the legal implications of a European Union (EU) restriction under the Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) in relation to the right to regulate in the EU and in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The article argues that in the aftermath of harmonization, the legal scope for EU Member States is dependent on the definition that will be adopted as regards microplastics under REACH: the wider the scope of the restriction, the more probable it is that Member States’ action is restrained. In the context of WTO rules, similar considerations apply as regards the scope of the definition: the wider the scope of an EU ban, the more demanding it will be to satisfy the requirements under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. Providing scientific evidence is instrumental, as there is little room for the precautionary principle in both regimes. Show less

Eck, B.M.A. van 2018

Computerbesluiten bij de overheid; recht en rekenen

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Kentin, E. 2018

Restricting microplastics in the European Union: Process and criteria under REACH

Article / Letter to editor

open access

As part of the EU Plastics Strategy, the European Commission has initiated the restriction process regarding intentionally added microplastics under REACH (acronym of the EU chemical regulation). A... Show moreAs part of the EU Plastics Strategy, the European Commission has initiated the restriction process regarding intentionally added microplastics under REACH (acronym of the EU chemical regulation). A restriction dossier is compiled by ECHA according the provisions of REACH. Not only environmental and health risk assessments have to be made, but a large part of the dossier concerns socio-economic analyses and evaluations of risk management options, in order to justify a Union-wide restriction. The procedure reflects the multiple objectives of REACH: protection of human health and the environment, but also the functioning of the internal market. Although the precautionary principle is incorporated in REACH, it plays a less than subordinate role. The process of restriction offers interested parties the possibility to present information and evidence. For the restriction dossier on microplastics is of utmost importance that all available evidence is provided. When less data is available, restriction seems to be less likely. Show less

Overwater, L.J.; Custers, B.H.M. 2018

De regulering van Initial Coin Offerings en cryptocurrencies: een vergelijking van verschillende landen

Article / Letter to editor

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Blockchaintechnologie en daaraan gerelateerde cryptocurrencies ontwikkelen zich in snel tempo en worden op steeds grotere schaal gebruikt. Hoewel het gebruik van blockchaintechnologie allerlei... Show moreBlockchaintechnologie en daaraan gerelateerde cryptocurrencies ontwikkelen zich in snel tempo en worden op steeds grotere schaal gebruikt. Hoewel het gebruik van blockchaintechnologie allerlei kansen biedt, zijn er ook risico’s aan verbonden. Op dit moment vallen cryptocurrencies in Nederland niet onder het reguliere financiële toezicht, terwijl de koersen van bitcoins enorm fluctueren, met alle bijbehorende volatiliteitsrisico’s en andere onzekerheden voor investeerders. Overheden en financiële toezichthouders in Nederland en andere landen worstelen met de vraag of regulering nodig is en, zo ja, hoe regulering eruit zou moeten zien. In deze bijdrage onderzoeken de auteurs hoe verschillende landen de regulering van blockchaintechnologie aanpakken, in het bijzonder van zogeheten Initial Coin Offerings en cryptocurrencies. Deze vergelijking geeft zicht op welke reguleringsmogelijkheden er zijn en in hoeverre in Nederland kan worden geleerd van de aanpakken in andere landen. Show less

Slootweg, T.J.M. 2018

Wijsheid, standvastigheid en recht. Stoïcisme als crisisverschijnsel en zijn verhouding tot het christendom

Article / Letter to editor

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Politics and law are not in essence about knowledge,good sense and learning, but about wisdom. Good legislation requires wisdom andthe wise judge is also the ideal when it comes to good... Show morePolitics and law are not in essence about knowledge,good sense and learning, but about wisdom. Good legislation requires wisdom andthe wise judge is also the ideal when it comes to good adjudication. But whatis wisdom actually and who is the sage? To answer these important questions,this article departs from the views of the Stoa (of Seneca especially) whichhas been of fundamental significance for the development of law and which stillcontinues to influence it. It shows how the philosophical views of the Stoicsincluded an objective view of law and cultivated a subjective impassibility andapathy that were associated with steadfastness or constancy. Stoic wisdom was(and still is): virtuous obedience to the objective laws of nature. In modernStoics like Spinoza and Justus Lipsius we find these same elements. But inmodern times Stoicism is wrapped in the veil of a Christian vision of life,which (as such) serves as a seductive legitimation of its principles. In thisguise Stoicism has been of enormous significance in the history ofChristianity. However, their historical relationship is based on a major misunderstanding.In fact, Stoicism is Christianity’s most extreme alternative, as Erasmusalready pointed out. For the Stoic sage a theoretical and practical wisdomapplies that is not (in any way) in accordance with the courageousfoolishness of Christianity. It is through the prism of this foolishness thatwe come to appreciate that the eternal Stoic attitude is odious when it comesto law and politics. Stoicism is a recurring crisis phenomenon: a culturalsickness, for which the wisdom of Christianity still offers a very effectivemedicine. Show less

Creemers, R.J.E.H. 2018

Disrupting the Chinese state: new actors and new factors

Article / Letter to editor

open access

How does digital technology influence the Chinese state? This paper focuses on two elements that are rapidly transforming the modus operandi of governance. First, it argues that a strategic public... Show moreHow does digital technology influence the Chinese state? This paper focuses on two elements that are rapidly transforming the modus operandi of governance. First, it argues that a strategic public-private nexus is forming at the heart of the Party-state, as an increasing symbiosis is developing between the huge private companies that dominate the Chinese internet and the political sphere. Second, it explores how new data-gathering and -processing capabilities, including ‘big data’, enhance its governing capabilities. Particular attention is given to the social credit system. Unsurprisingly, China’s control-oriented government sees this as an attractive opportunity to enhance its ability to monitor the activities of citizens, businesses, and government officials. These two developments, from a central point of view, may counter some of the perennial problems plaguing the Chinese state, including centre-periphery fragmentation and stunted information flows between government actors. Nevertheless, existing pathologies will likely be reproduced in the digital space. Show less

Custers, B.H.M. 2018

Aansprakelijkheid voor drones: technologische ontwikkelingen en de toepasbaarheid van het aansprakelijkheidsrecht

Article / Letter to editor

open access

In deze bijdrage wordt onderzocht in hoeverre het Nederlandse aansprakelijkheidsrecht is toegerust op toenemende autonomie van drones en verdergaande miniaturisering in dronetechnologie. Na korte... Show moreIn deze bijdrage wordt onderzocht in hoeverre het Nederlandse aansprakelijkheidsrecht is toegerust op toenemende autonomie van drones en verdergaande miniaturisering in dronetechnologie. Na korte uitleg van relevante luchtvaartwetgeving voor dronegebruik wordt ingegaan op de onrechtmatige daad en productaansprakelijkheid. Daarna wordt besproken in hoeverre het huidige stelsel van aansprakelijkheid aanpassing behoeft. Show less

Kalis, J.P.; Duijvenvoorde, G.P. van 2018

Een nieuw kader voor netwerk- en informatiebeveiliging: een cultuuromslag?

Article / Letter to editor

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Veiligheid en beveiliging van netwerk- en informatiesystemen zijn belangrijke speerpunten van de Europese Commissie bij het realiseren van een interne digitale markt. In 2016 is een richtlijn van... Show moreVeiligheid en beveiliging van netwerk- en informatiesystemen zijn belangrijke speerpunten van de Europese Commissie bij het realiseren van een interne digitale markt. In 2016 is een richtlijn van kracht geworden waarin wordt beoogd een hoger niveau van beveiliging van netwerk- en informatiesystemen van vitale infrastructuur te bereiken (hierna NIB-richtlijn). De NIB-richtlijn introduceert een governance-kader en een systeem waarin het uitwisselen van informatie tussen de betrokken instanties en het melden van incidenten centraal staat. Via zogenoemde just culture wordt gestreefd een beveiligingscultuur te bereiken waarin het leren van incidenten vooropstaat. De implementatie van de NIB richtlijn in de Nederlandse wetgeving – uiterlijk op 10 mei 2018 – zal voor een breed palet aanbieders relevant zijn. Deze implementatie zal plaatsvinden in de Cybersecuritywet. Met de onlangs in werking getreden Wet gegevensverwerking en meldplicht cybersecurity (Wgmc) zijn echter ook al voor de implementatie relevante stappen gezet. In deze bijdrage staan beide wetten centraal. Daarnaast worden de belangrijkste aspecten van de NIB richtlijn besproken en wordt ingegaan op de relatie met reeds bestaande meldplichten en de beveiligingsverplichtingen in de telecommunicatiesector. Show less

Custers, B.H.M.; Pool, R.L.D.; Cornelisse, R. 2018

Banking malware and the laundering of its profits

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Molier, G.; Rijpkema, B.R. 2018

Germany’s New Militant Democracy Regime: National Democratic Party II and the German Federal Constitutional Court’s ‘Potentiality’ Criterion for Party Bans: Bundesverfassungsgericht, Judgment of 17 January 2017, 2 BvB 1/13, National Democratic Party II

Article / Letter to editor

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Gijrath, S.J.H. 2018

Telecommunications networks: Towards smarter regulation and contracts?

Article / Letter to editor

open access

This article assesses the innovation policy objectives underlying the proposed European Union (EU) Telecom Single Market regulation considering disruptive technological developments. The article... Show moreThis article assesses the innovation policy objectives underlying the proposed European Union (EU) Telecom Single Market regulation considering disruptive technological developments. The article explores the network operator’s dilemma how to deal with investments in a time where fundamental innovation comes from outside and the regulator’s dilemma how to improve the conditions for access to the operators’ networks and how to safeguard a level playing field. The EU measures with respect to two technological issues are discussed considering the EU’s policy objectives with respect to the deployment of 5G and the goal to ensure very high-speed broadband access in the EU. Thought is given to the effectiveness of imposing active and passive infrastructure arrangements. A mix of regulatory measures is considered in moving towards smarter electronic communications networks regulation. Show less

Wegberg, R.S.; Oerlemans, J.; Deventer, O. van 2018

Bitcoin money laundering: mixed results? An explorative study on money laundering of cybercrime proceeds using bitcoin

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Ubink, J.M. 2018

Customary Legal Empowerment in Namibia and Ghana? Lessons about Access, Power and Participation in Non‐state Justice Systems

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Since the early 2000s, legal development cooperation has displayed an increasing willingness to engage with customary justice systems. However, this engagement is frequently problematic. External... Show moreSince the early 2000s, legal development cooperation has displayed an increasing willingness to engage with customary justice systems. However, this engagement is frequently problematic. External actors often lack knowledge about the different versions of customary law, the negotiable nature of customary justice and the power differentials involved in defining customary law. In customary justice systems, norms are defined and negotiated in administrative structures and dispute‐settlement institutions. Inclusion in these fora is therefore of paramount importance to improve the position of vulnerable groups. To illustrate the point, this article analyses two case studies of customary justice reform, respectively focusing on gender dimensions in northern Namibia and land management in Ghana. These case studies demonstrate that when programming ignores issues of power and empowerment, it will not have the hoped‐for positive impact on vulnerable groups. Show less

Dekkers, T.J.M.; Woude, M.A.H. van der; Koulish, R. 2018

Objectivity and Accountability in Migration Control using Risk Assessment Tools

Article / Letter to editor

open access

In recent years immigration control has seen an increase in the implementation of risk assessment technology. According to proponents such technologies would lead to more objective decision-making... Show moreIn recent years immigration control has seen an increase in the implementation of risk assessment technology. According to proponents such technologies would lead to more objective decision-making compared to the discretionary decisions made by street-level bureaucrats. However, because empirical research on risk assessment technology is limited, it is not quite clear how risk assessment technology in migration control impacts the decision-making process and to what extent it does make the decision-making process more objective. This article aims to shine a light on this issue by making use of a case study of Amigo-boras, a smart camera system used by the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee for migration control purposes. Qualitative data shows that Dutch immigration officers are still able to exercise discretion in the execution of their tasks, placing doubt on claims to objectivity. This finding is confirmed in quantitative data based on a US case study. Although quantitative data on the decision-making process would be able to show if these doubts were justified, the RNM has no such data on the outcomes and selection process using Amigo-boras. This information gap raises new issues regarding the objectivity of the selection process and the individual accountability of RNM officers. Show less

Rhoen, M.H.C.; Feng, Q.Y. 2018

Why the ‘Computer says no’: illustrating big data’s discrimination risk through complex systems science

Article / Letter to editor

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The GDPR poses special requirements for the processing of sensitive data, but it is not clear whether these requirements are sufficient to prevent the risk associated with this processing because...

The GDPR poses special requirements for the processing of sensitive data, but it is not clear whether these requirements are sufficient to prevent the risk associated with this processing because this risk is not clearly defined.
Furthermore, the GDPR’s clauses on the processing of—and profiling based on—sensitive data do not sufficiently account for the fact that individual data subjects are parts of complex systems, whose emergent properties betray sensitive traits from non-sensitive data.
The algorithms used to process big data are largely opaque to both controllers and data subjects: if the output of an algorithm has discriminatory effects coinciding with sensitive traits because the algorithm accidentally discerns an emergent property, this may remain unnoticed. At the moment, there are no remedies that can prevent the discovery of sensitive traits from non-sensitive data.
Managing the risks resulting from processing data that can reveal sensitive traits requires a strategy combining precautionary measures, public discourse, and enforcement until the risks are more completely understood. Insights from complex systems science are likely to be useful in better understanding these risks.

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