According to the traditional model, the use of French in Great Britain was fundamentally tied to the Norman Conquest of 1066. The language of the conquerors rapidly replaced English within... Show moreAccording to the traditional model, the use of French in Great Britain was fundamentally tied to the Norman Conquest of 1066. The language of the conquerors rapidly replaced English within administrative and cultural domains, and it maintained its foothold in these domains until the thirteenth century, when English began to regain prestige. Yet research of the past few decades has shown that this model is significantly flawed. This article is aimed at supporting an ongoing revision of this model through a quantitative approach centred around a catalogue of manuscripts containing French literature and copied in the British Isles. The results presented here indicate clearly that, in the century following the Conquest, English literature was being produced in much greater quantities than French literature. Indeed, the peak of French literary production did not occur during the century following the Conquest, but rather during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Perhaps even more surprisingly, the analysis presented here reveals that in the centuries following the Conquest, works in French circulated most commonly with works in other languages — especially Latin. The approach adopted here thus sheds light on the history of French while decentring the canonical works that typically lie at its heart. Show less
Les fables de La Fontaine constituent en France une référence commune à tous aujourd’hui. Ce phénomène trouve son ancrage au xixe siècle, période à laquelle l’école institutionnalise la fable à des... Show moreLes fables de La Fontaine constituent en France une référence commune à tous aujourd’hui. Ce phénomène trouve son ancrage au xixe siècle, période à laquelle l’école institutionnalise la fable à des fins nationalistes, tandis que les instances éditoriales profitent du fait que les foyers acquièrent des livres éducatifs pour produire des fabliers illustrés à l’intention de tout un chacun. On trouve ainsi des fabliers à destination des filles. Reste à déterminer si la fable s’impose d’ores et déjà au xixe siècle comme une référence commune à tous, ou si elle s’insère dans une logique différenciée à l’égard du public féminin. Si les fabliers féminins inscrivent l’apprentissage et la lecture dans un enseignement transmis essentiellement par les femmes, ils emploient en fait les mêmes codes et s’appuient sur les mêmes auteurs – majoritairement masculins – que lorsqu’ils s’adressent aux garçons. Show less
In the wake of the Dutch Revolt, thousands of inhabitants of the sixteenth-century Low Countries left home and hearth to settle in England, Germany, or the Northern Low Countries. Many of them had... Show moreIn the wake of the Dutch Revolt, thousands of inhabitants of the sixteenth-century Low Countries left home and hearth to settle in England, Germany, or the Northern Low Countries. Many of them had some knowledge of French, and this skill was highly valued in their host countries. This article sheds light on the linguistic strategies of multiple migrants who capitalized on their multilingual identities. Show less
Identifier et expliquer les changements dans la structure des bureaucraties de l’État central et les déterminants de la survie des organisations publiques individuelles sont deux domaines de... Show moreIdentifier et expliquer les changements dans la structure des bureaucraties de l’État central et les déterminants de la survie des organisations publiques individuelles sont deux domaines de recherche étroitement liés dans l’administration publique. Nous cherchons à combler le fossé entre ces deux principaux courants d’études du changement organisationnel en présentant une nouvelle approche de la collecte de données sur l’historique des événements pour les organisations publiques. Nous avons développé ce cadre dans le cadre du projet « Structure et organisation des gouvernements », qui vise à cartographier l’ensemble des bureaucraties de l’État central dans trois pays d’Europe occidentale. Notre approche est suffisamment flexible pour décrire les macro-tendances des populations d’organisations du secteur public et pour expliquer ces tendances en analysant l’histoire des événements des organisations qu’elles comprennent. En plus de présenter notre cadre et la manière dont nous l’avons appliqué pour créer cet ensemble de données, nous présentons également quelques premières comparaisons transnationales de la répartition des types d’événements enregistrés, et soulignons les premiers résultats et les pistes prometteuses pour des recherches ultérieures. Show less
The correspondence of the Frisian aristocrat Carolina van Hogendorp, née Van Haren (1741-1812), and that of her daughter Annette (1766-1802) abound with information on the education of the Dutch... Show moreThe correspondence of the Frisian aristocrat Carolina van Hogendorp, née Van Haren (1741-1812), and that of her daughter Annette (1766-1802) abound with information on the education of the Dutch upper classes, particularly its female members. The letters are mainly written in French and illustrate the prominent use of that language in Holland, which by the end of the eighteenth century was being encroached by German and English. They equally provide interesting material as to the quality of their command of written French. Show less
Himalayan environments have changed, and are changing, due to the ways in which people have interpreted, sourced, and utilised them. Scholarly analysis of the transformations induced, be it in... Show moreHimalayan environments have changed, and are changing, due to the ways in which people have interpreted, sourced, and utilised them. Scholarly analysis of the transformations induced, be it in deforestation, dam building or glacial melt, foreground how man is shaping the world in the Anthropocene. Alternatively, multispecies studies have shown how people invariably depend on, and are being shaped, by the dedicated environments in which they find themselves. Rather than people existing independent of these, their lives are the product of ‘co-becoming’ (Country et al 2016: 1) or ‘becoming-with’ (Haraway 2008: 12) a variety of spaces and species. In relation to the Himalayas, the two angles of enquiry outlined above have so far seldom been combined. In an attempt to engage with this lacuna, the contributions to this special issue scrutinise the changing framing and interpretation of human and non-human relationships, and the way these find expression in everyday life. At the same time, the contributions explore how large-scale interventions instigated by state making, development initiatives and the expansion of commercial ventures have transformed, and continue to transform, mountain spaces and species, generating new societal contexts in which these acquire new meanings. Show less
