The history of the Central African Republic (CAR) has been one of persistent violence, despite internal and external attempts to break the cycle of misfortune in the country. A number of factors... Show moreThe history of the Central African Republic (CAR) has been one of persistent violence, despite internal and external attempts to break the cycle of misfortune in the country. A number of factors are cited as determinants or amplifiers to explain this ever-renewed cycle of violence in the country, including a disastrous colonial legacy, poor governance, an abundance of natural resources in an uncontrolled territory, greed for power, the collapse of the state, or a combination of all or some of these non-exhaustive factors. However, over and above these not insignificant factors, we need to reconsider the weight of history and the role of young people as constants in the recurrent conflict in the Central African Republic. To explain the durability of this context of instability inscribed in a continuum, we propose the concept of the political arena, a situation of confrontation built up over the course of history, and within which a large number of young people are growing up with a limited agency. We conclude that young people in the CAR have ultimately become a usable resource, having been exploited in the same way as natural resources since pre-colonial and colonial times. Hence the reproduction and/or continuation of violent and recurrent conflicts in the Central African Republic. Show less
Avec Le Sel et le soufre, Anna Langfus opte délibérément pour la fiction, voie royale à ses yeux pour instaurer la distance nécessaire à l’expression du traumatisme et aussi à sa réception, du côté... Show moreAvec Le Sel et le soufre, Anna Langfus opte délibérément pour la fiction, voie royale à ses yeux pour instaurer la distance nécessaire à l’expression du traumatisme et aussi à sa réception, du côté du lecteur. Or cette mise à distance passe notamment par un travail sur les impressions sensibles qui sont celles du je-narrateur, et qui expriment indirectement son expérience. Dans un premier temps, cet essai s’attache à analyser ces impressions sensibles – surtout visuelles mais également auditives et tactiles -. Elles révèlent un attachement au détail, au fragment du réel qui, au niveau de l’histoire, permet seul à l’héroïne de faire face à l’horreur ; or cette manière de centrer sur un détail – main qui se rétracte sous un coup de matraque, gros orteil sortant de la chaussette trouée d’un mort – ne joue pas seulement au niveau de l’histoire mais c’est également un procédé littéraire (celui de la synecdoque) producteur d’images capables d’exprimer indirectement l’horreur. Dans un deuxième temps, nous explorons un autre type d’impressions visuelles : celles qui sont produites par le rêve et l’hallucination, particulièrement fréquents dans le roman. Si les rêves fonctionnent de manière passablement conventionnelle, mettant à nu les désirs inconscients de l’héroïne, les hallucinations correspondent parfois à un passage à vide de l’héroïne, résultant en des images qui sont mieux à même de communiquer l’horreur que la simple narration des faits. Show less
Avec Le Sel et le soufre, Anna Langfus opte délibérément pour la fiction, voie royale à ses yeux pour instaurer la distance nécessaire à l’expression du traumatisme et aussi à sa réception, du côté... Show moreAvec Le Sel et le soufre, Anna Langfus opte délibérément pour la fiction, voie royale à ses yeux pour instaurer la distance nécessaire à l’expression du traumatisme et aussi à sa réception, du côté du lecteur. Or cette mise à distance passe notamment par un travail sur les impressions sensibles qui sont celles du Je narrateur, et qui expriment indirectement son expérience. Dans un premier temps, cet article s’attache à analyser ces impressions sensibles – surtout visuelles mais également auditives et tactiles. Celles-ci révèlent un attachement au détail, au fragment du réel qui, au niveau de l’histoire, permet seul à l’héroïne de faire face à l’horreur ; or cette manière de se centrer sur un détail – main qui se rétracte sous un coup de matraque, gros orteil sortant de la chaussette trouée d’un mort – ne joue pas seulement au niveau de l’histoire mais aussi comme un procédé littéraire (celui de la synecdoque) producteur d’images capables d’exprimer indirectement l’horreur. Dans un deuxième temps, nous explorons un autre type d’impressions visuelles : celles qui sont produites par le rêve et l’hallucination, particulièrement fréquents dans le roman. Si les rêves fonctionnent de manière passablement conventionnelle, mettant à nu les désirs inconscients de l’héroïne, les hallucinations correspondent parfois à un passage à vide de l’héroïne, résultant en des images qui sont mieux à même de communiquer l’horreur que la simple narration des faits. Show less
This thesis describes the socio-political dynamics in Dogon country, in central Mali. Since 2015, this region has experienced an unprecedented phenomenon of armed mobilization. Various insurgent ... Show moreThis thesis describes the socio-political dynamics in Dogon country, in central Mali. Since 2015, this region has experienced an unprecedented phenomenon of armed mobilization. Various insurgent (jihadist) and counterinsurgent (self-defense) groups are fighting to impose new modes of rural governance by means of violence, despite the deployment of the Malian Armed Forces (FAMA) and contingents of the UN forces (MINUSMA). Using an ethnographic approach and proceeding in processual and analytic manner, this thesis examines the armed mobilizations and the violence they generate as deriving from interactions between several phenomena, notably land.Depending on historical contingencies, mechanisms of marginalization, inequality and forms of institutional hybridization appear within village communities. In these situations, the principle of primogeniture and autochthony allow segment of society to have access to socio-political privileges and exclude other segments from access to land and its resources. The marginalized are forced to migrate or to resist inequalities in various ways, including armed violence, to gain access to land and achieve social and political respectability.The approach adopted apprehends land, agricultural migration, and armed conflict as interrelated phenomena. Analyzed in relation to the formation of the post-colonial Malian state, they constitute the three main parts of this thesis. Show less
According to the traditional model, the use of French in Great Britain was fundamentally tied to the Norman Conquest of 1066. The language of the conquerors rapidly replaced English within... Show moreAccording to the traditional model, the use of French in Great Britain was fundamentally tied to the Norman Conquest of 1066. The language of the conquerors rapidly replaced English within administrative and cultural domains, and it maintained its foothold in these domains until the thirteenth century, when English began to regain prestige. Yet research of the past few decades has shown that this model is significantly flawed. This article is aimed at supporting an ongoing revision of this model through a quantitative approach centred around a catalogue of manuscripts containing French literature and copied in the British Isles. The results presented here indicate clearly that, in the century following the Conquest, English literature was being produced in much greater quantities than French literature. Indeed, the peak of French literary production did not occur during the century following the Conquest, but rather during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Perhaps even more surprisingly, the analysis presented here reveals that in the centuries following the Conquest, works in French circulated most commonly with works in other languages — especially Latin. The approach adopted here thus sheds light on the history of French while decentring the canonical works that typically lie at its heart. Show less
Not a territory escapes contamination. Microplastics have infiltrated agricultural soils and therefore potentially what we eat. Recently, in the Netherlands, researchers are studying the extent of... Show moreNot a territory escapes contamination. Microplastics have infiltrated agricultural soils and therefore potentially what we eat. Recently, in the Netherlands, researchers are studying the extent of the phenomenon. And for now, they have more questions than answers. Show less
The Caribbean is a dynamic region with intense cultural interactions, from the pre-colonial period to the contemporary period. During the pre-colonial period, the social, cultural and political... Show moreThe Caribbean is a dynamic region with intense cultural interactions, from the pre-colonial period to the contemporary period. During the pre-colonial period, the social, cultural and political networks in which the island communities were involved were modified. The archaeology also demonstrates that the material culture of the populations was affected; it has allowed us to identify a diversity of ceramic styles influenced by multiple and plural contributions, witnessing the exchange of ideas and/or objects and/or know-how between the various communities. Colonization will disrupt the dynamics in place, introducing forced contacts of different social and ethnic groups at the origin of the emergence of a patchwork of new communities.My research proposes a multivocal anthropological reading of the material production of multicultural Caribbean societies from the pre-colonial period to the present. This study is approached through the prism of the concept of creolization.The methodology used is a holistic approach that combines technological, morphological, petrographic, stylistic and ethnographic studies.This research takes a new look at the material culture of the Amerindians of the Caribbean which induces cultural and social transformations during the pre-colonial period. Show less
Les fables de La Fontaine constituent en France une référence commune à tous aujourd’hui. Ce phénomène trouve son ancrage au xixe siècle, période à laquelle l’école institutionnalise la fable à des... Show moreLes fables de La Fontaine constituent en France une référence commune à tous aujourd’hui. Ce phénomène trouve son ancrage au xixe siècle, période à laquelle l’école institutionnalise la fable à des fins nationalistes, tandis que les instances éditoriales profitent du fait que les foyers acquièrent des livres éducatifs pour produire des fabliers illustrés à l’intention de tout un chacun. On trouve ainsi des fabliers à destination des filles. Reste à déterminer si la fable s’impose d’ores et déjà au xixe siècle comme une référence commune à tous, ou si elle s’insère dans une logique différenciée à l’égard du public féminin. Si les fabliers féminins inscrivent l’apprentissage et la lecture dans un enseignement transmis essentiellement par les femmes, ils emploient en fait les mêmes codes et s’appuient sur les mêmes auteurs – majoritairement masculins – que lorsqu’ils s’adressent aux garçons. Show less
In the wake of the Dutch Revolt, thousands of inhabitants of the sixteenth-century Low Countries left home and hearth to settle in England, Germany, or the Northern Low Countries. Many of them had... Show moreIn the wake of the Dutch Revolt, thousands of inhabitants of the sixteenth-century Low Countries left home and hearth to settle in England, Germany, or the Northern Low Countries. Many of them had some knowledge of French, and this skill was highly valued in their host countries. This article sheds light on the linguistic strategies of multiple migrants who capitalized on their multilingual identities. Show less
