This study presents the results of chemical analyses on a specific type of decorated ceramics, the so-called maiolica compendiario, which was produced and traded throughout many areas of Europe... Show moreThis study presents the results of chemical analyses on a specific type of decorated ceramics, the so-called maiolica compendiario, which was produced and traded throughout many areas of Europe between ca. AD 1550 and 1650. Due to the enormous success of the compendiario, and the similarity in the ceramic style amongst different European production centers, faience decorated in compendiario faces many attribution problems (Jaspers 2009; 2012b). The Dutch soil revealed a large amount and wide range of maiolica decorated in compendiario. Dozens of them have been positively linked to French production (e.g. Nevers and Rouen), the area of central Italy (e.g.. the cities of Faenza and Deruta), and Southern Italy (e.g. Castelli d’Abruzzo and/or Naples/Salerno). However, there is a broad but unique category of compendiario that belongs to one specific homogeneous stylistic group, which has several authentication problems. In previous literature, it was often incorrectly attributed to a provenance in Faenza, the Italian city that invented the style, or to Haarlem/Delft, because Dutch borders contained the most archaeological examples of this compendiario type. Yet, Nina Jaspers claimed, based on stylistic similarities with other Ligurian productions , that this particular group was produced in Liguria (Albisola and Savona); on the northwestern Italian coast (Jaspers 2007a; 2007b; 2007c; 2009; 2012a, 2012b; 2013). In this research, we tested Jaspers’ hypothesis through chemical analysis with a portable-XRF (pXRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on the maiolica paste composition. A large dataset of 200 faience samples from archaeological excavations in Amsterdam, Enkhuizen, Hoorn and ceramic reference material from Italy (Liguria, Venice, Faenza, Naples), France (Nevers) and Portugal were analysed. The results of the analysis and the comparison of following elemental ratios: Fe/Sr, Zr/Ti for pXRF and La/Sc; Th/Co; La/Cr; Th/Sc; La/Lu; Y/Tb; V/Sc for ICP-MS, provide solid evidence to connect the unique group of compendiario retrieved from Dutch soil to the Ligurian reference materials. Hence, through the interpretation of the trace and rare earth elements values, we confirmed Jaspers’ hypothesis that the majority of imported compendiario in the Netherlands belongs to Ligurian production, rejecting the previous attributions to a production provenance in Faenza, Haarlem or Delft. Moreover, the results from this analysis demonstrated that faience during the 16th and 17th centuries can be analysed and distinguished by the composition of matrix components either with pXRF, being non-invasive, and with micro-destructive analysis with ICP-MS. This research called for a reconsideration of the European production of compendiario, confuting the previous false attributions, and quantitatively places Ligurian production as one of the most prominent in Europe. Show less
This article aims to: present a literature review about Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) for practicing teachers and teachers in preparation; set up a link between TBLT and the guidelines of the... Show moreThis article aims to: present a literature review about Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) for practicing teachers and teachers in preparation; set up a link between TBLT and the guidelines of the Action-Oriented Approach described in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages; and bring together current theory, research and practice. In this paper we define the notion of ‘task’ and we discuss the relationship between TBLT and a communicative language teaching. We also describe a TBLT syllabus, we analyse different instructional sequences, we outline our own framework according to the TBLT criteria and we argue which place the Focus on form must have in it. Additionally we explore which possibilities the Web 2.0 provides to this methodology. The text is illustrated with examples in order to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Show less
This Italian version of this article is online at www.articolo29.it/genius, the English version at scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/4, the Dutch version at hdl.handle.net/1887/24920, and...Show moreThis Italian version of this article is online at www.articolo29.it/genius, the English version at scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/4, the Dutch version at hdl.handle.net/1887/24920, and the Vietnamese version at hdl.handle.net/1887/24934.The right to establish and develop relationships with other human beings was first articulated — as an aspect of the right to respect for private life — by the European Commission of Human Rights (in 1976). Since then such a right has been recognised in similar words by national and international courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court (Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees), the European Court of Human Rights (Niemietz v. Germany), the Constitutional Court of South Africa (National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality), and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Ortega v. Mexico). This lecture traces the origins of this right, linking it to the meaning of the word ‘orientation’ and to the basic psychological need for love, affection and belongingness (Maslow 1943). It proposes to speak of ‘the right to relate’, and argues that this right can be seen as the common theme in all issues of sexual orientation law (ranging from decriminalisation and anti-discrimination, to the recognition of refugees and of same-sex parenting). This right can be used as the common denominator in the comparative study of all those laws in the world that are anti-homosexual, or that are same-sex-friendly. The right to establish (same-sex) relationships implies both a right to come out, and a right to come together. The right to develop (same-sex) relationships is being made operational through legal respect, legal protection, legal recognition, legal formalization, and legal recognition of foreign formalization. Show less
This PhD thesis traces the development, success and meaning of images depicting scenes of temptations, witchcraft and hells in Dutch and Flemish seventeenth-century art. It singles out these images... Show moreThis PhD thesis traces the development, success and meaning of images depicting scenes of temptations, witchcraft and hells in Dutch and Flemish seventeenth-century art. It singles out these images as an independent genre filling a niche in the market for genre paintings. By the beginning of the century these images had come to form a distinct artistic genre that ventured far beyond the mere imitation of Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Brueghel the Elder__ s models. When examining the role and meaning of such representations in the context of their place and time, it is important to refer to them with a specific name, rather than a merely descriptive one like __diableries__. The most significant term that emerges from contemporary Dutch sources, art literature, inventories and auction catalogues is __spoockerijen__ (literally: ghosts). It is worth noticing a remarkable difference in the terminology used in Southern and Northern Netherlands to refer to these images. In the north the word __spoockerijen__ was used as a generic term to designate images ranging from temptations to witchcraft and hell scenes, whereas in the south a linguistic distinction is made between __tentatien__, __tooverijen__ and __hellen__. This implies that northern viewers recognized the non-existent character of the figures as the common denominator of all these representations. Interestingly, Dutch and Flemish art reveals an iconographic exchange between such images and references to religion, mythology and literature are freely fused. As a result, various subgroups of the genre of __spoockerijen__, showing different manifestations of the devil, are seen merging. This process of blurring boundaries between formerly distinct categories of the genre was possible because they ceased to be linked with their former literary and Christian context. Instead, they increasingly became subjects which allowed the artist to freely express his imagination at the highest level, as they show just illusions and fake worlds. Show less
Text in Italian. English sum.: This study examines a number of cases in which the people of Ziguinchor, in the Casamance region of Senegal, have been in dispute with the public authorities over... Show moreText in Italian. English sum.: This study examines a number of cases in which the people of Ziguinchor, in the Casamance region of Senegal, have been in dispute with the public authorities over the question of access to land in urban areas. These conflicts, however, should not obscure the fact that the citizens of Ziguinchor and the representatives of the Senegalese State generally manage to reach a consensus on questions of urban land use. The study identifies the reasons why the citizens of Ziguinchor, in spite of the various problems which they have with the authorities, ultimately accept State policies and regulations. Legal analysis is supplemented with social and economic data from Soucoupapaye, a periurban neighbourhood in Ziguinchor, in order to demonstrate that the effective application of State land law in an urban community is subject to political and socioeconomic constraints. Show less
