Moeliono heeft gekeken naar de ruimtelijke ordening, op papier en in de praktijk. Hij vraagt zich af of de Indonesische wetgeving burgers voldoende beschermt tegen onrechtmatig optreden van de... Show moreMoeliono heeft gekeken naar de ruimtelijke ordening, op papier en in de praktijk. Hij vraagt zich af of de Indonesische wetgeving burgers voldoende beschermt tegen onrechtmatig optreden van de overheid. Dat blijkt helaas niet het geval. De lokale overheid is eenzijdig gericht op economische groei en voert een weinig consistent beleid op het gebied van ruimtelijke ordening. Bovendien blijkt de wetgeving niet eenduidig te zijn, wanneer burgers verdreven dreigen te worden en voor hun rechten willen opkomen. Vergunningen In praktijk vormen vergunningen het belangrijkste beleidsinstrument voor het grondgebruik. Bovenop de bestuursstructuur, gedecentraliseerd na de val van Soeharto, is nu een top-down planningsmechanisme gelegd. Verwarring alom. Ambtenaren bepalen tot in detail wat wel en wat niet mag, zonder daarbij veel aandacht te schenken aan de lokale bevolking. Zelfs als de vergunningverlening duidelijk in strijd is met de regels, is het moeilijk te achterhalen bij welke instantie je verhaal kunt halen. Moeliono’s case studies van West-Java en Bandung leveren zo een somber beeld op van de ruimtelijke ordening. Die zou alleen kunnen verbeteren door de wetgeving grondig te herzien en de bestuurspraktijk te veranderen. Show less
Today, about 1 billion people are estimated to live in ‘slums’ worldwide. This number will only grow and urban poverty worsen unless radical measures are taken. While it is generally acknowledged... Show moreToday, about 1 billion people are estimated to live in ‘slums’ worldwide. This number will only grow and urban poverty worsen unless radical measures are taken. While it is generally acknowledged in the international development debate that breaking the circle of poverty requires multiple strategies, there is renewed attention for approaches that centre on the issue of tenure security. This means landholders are protected against involuntary removal from the land on which they reside, unless through due process of law and payment of proper compensation. The prevailing approach to the provision of tenure security is land registration. And while the land registration approach currently dominates policy, there has been little research into the effects of registration, particularly in urban areas. What research has been conducted, contests the benefits of this approach. As a result, we witness increasing interest in alternative approaches which generally combine protective administrative or legal measures against eviction with the provision of basic services and credit facilities. The author describes and analyses the extent to which formal, semiformal, and informal tenure arrangements that can be found in kampongs (typical low-income settlements) in Indonesia provide tenure security to the country’s urban poor, particularly since 1998, when Indonesia embarked on an ambitious political and legal reform programme. The author reviews the current legal framework that applies to urban land tenure in Indonesia. In addition, based on rich material that was acquired through empirical research in the city of Bandung, there are a number of case studies presented in which the urban poor’s tenure security was put to the test. Finally, drawing on statistical data, the author analyses the urban poor’s perceptions regarding their tenure security and whether and, if so, how this influences their housing investment behaviour. Following this analysis, the author evaluates the socio-economic benefits of current approaches to attaining tenure security. And with these findings, there are policy suggestions and contributions to theory formation presented to further the current international development debate on tenure security. Show less
A study of the practice of aircraft leasing in the context of applicable case law, regulations, statutes, and, in particular, public and prviate international air law and other international... Show moreA study of the practice of aircraft leasing in the context of applicable case law, regulations, statutes, and, in particular, public and prviate international air law and other international conventions. Show less
Only fifteen years ago, measures against antisocial behaviour on the street (ASB) were on the fringe of crime policies. Now this kind of behaviour is the focus of many new anti-crime actions. If... Show moreOnly fifteen years ago, measures against antisocial behaviour on the street (ASB) were on the fringe of crime policies. Now this kind of behaviour is the focus of many new anti-crime actions. If this sort of sub-crime is addressed as a major security problem what does that say about the current Dutch crime policy climate? Are young people terrorising the streets? Why do Dutch politicians think a fight against them is needed? What do the media say? And what does the public think? These descriptive questions fit within the recent criminological debate on shifting crime policies and the ideas of David Garland on a Culture of Control. This study zooms in on local developments, addressing the raised questions and analysing the Dutch judicial, political, media en public discourse on ASB. Dutch politicians regularly refer to English ASB measures as a recipe for success. By comparing the UK with the Netherlands, a deeper understanding of the construction of Dutch crime policies is created. This study reveals the assumptions that structure political decisions to tackle ASB, presents a balanced picture of the alleged pressing problem of ASB and identifies divergent currents in the Culture of Control. Show less
Fundamental rights provisions are known for their relatively vague and general formulation. As a result, judges dealing with these provisions are confronted with many and often controversial... Show moreFundamental rights provisions are known for their relatively vague and general formulation. As a result, judges dealing with these provisions are confronted with many and often controversial interpretative choices. These interpretative choices already present judges operating in a national context with difficulties, but that is even more so for European judges operating in a multilevel context. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) are often criticized for delivering judgments that contain debatable choices and do not offer sufficient insight into the reasons which have led the courts to make these choices. Especially in a multilevel context where the cooperation of national authorities plays an important role as regards the effectiveness of the European courts, it is important that interpretation methods and principles are used in a transparent manner so that the reasons that justify a specific interpretative choice are clear. This book analyses the use of a selected number of interpretation methods and principles in the fundamental rights case law of the ECtHR and the CJEU. The use of teleological, comparative, evolutive and autonomous interpretation by the ECtHR and the CJEU are elaborately discussed on the basis of both legal theoretical literature and case law. The legal theoretical analysis provides the basis for various relevant questions, hypotheses and (analytical) suggestions, that are further studied in the subsequent case law analysis. This leads to a thorough overview of the role of these interpretation methods and principles and the possibilities for improvement. Show less
This thesis examines the attitude of the Hungarian Constitutional Court (“HCC”) and thePolish Constitutional Tribunal (“PCT”) towards EU law in their case-law. The predominantGerman legal influence... Show moreThis thesis examines the attitude of the Hungarian Constitutional Court (“HCC”) and thePolish Constitutional Tribunal (“PCT”) towards EU law in their case-law. The predominantGerman legal influence in the Central European region is explored from perspectives of legalhistory and culture in order to explain its enduring attraction. In order to provide theframework for the research, the case-law of the German Federal Constitutional Court(“FCC”) on the main principles comprehending the essential core of national sovereignty, thecontents of which are not susceptible to transfer or limitation, are set against theconstitutional requirements of EU law as enunciated by the European Court of Justice(“ECJ”) in its own foundational case-law. Such analysis thus provides the “German model,”by which the FCC has “negotiated” its position vis-à-vis the Union’s fundamental principles(e.g., primacy, direct effect, priority of ECJ rulings) which the ECJ has developed through itsjudgments. In pursuing this research, the decision-making of the two Central European courts isconsidered in the light of the putative influence of the German model. The increasingly activeparticipation of the HCC and particularly the PCT in helping to negotiate the newconstitutional context of the Union, based post-Lisbon on the respect of nationalconstitutional identities in Art. 4(2) TEU, is explored. The multilayered judicial construct ofEurope still remains replete with recognition problems for which the research seeks tosuggest some limited and focused changes. Show less
The fight against torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is of fundamental importance, which has been broadly acknowledged, and resulted in different ways to pursue the... Show moreThe fight against torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is of fundamental importance, which has been broadly acknowledged, and resulted in different ways to pursue the effectuation of this prohibition. The coexistence of multiple monitoring mechanisms in the same field can raise important questions concerning overlap, collision and alignment. The subject of this study relates to the coexistence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) and focuses on the relation between these bodies from an organisational, terminological and normative perspective. It concentrates on answering the question how the relationship between the ECtHR and the CPT can be described and whether the current status between these bodies contributes to an effective and efficient protection of detainees against torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Show less
The book The United Nations, the Evolution of Global Values and International Law by Otto Spijkers describes how moral values have determined the founding of the United Nations Organization in 1945... Show moreThe book The United Nations, the Evolution of Global Values and International Law by Otto Spijkers describes how moral values have determined the founding of the United Nations Organization in 1945 and the evolution of its purposes, principles and policies since then. A detailed examination of the proceedings of the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco demonstrates that the drafting of the United Nations Charter was significantly influenced by global moral values, i.e. globally shared beliefs distinguishing right from wrong, good from bad, and the current from a preferable state-of-the-world. A common desire to eradicate war, poverty, inhuman treatment, and to halt the exploitation of peoples, has led to an affirmation of the values of peace and security, social progress and development, human dignity and the self-determination of all peoples. All these values ended up in the UN Charter. The book further analyzes how the United Nations, and especially its General Assembly, has continued to influence the maturing of global morality through contributions to the values-debate, and to the translation of these values into the language of international law, including the law on the use of force, sustainable development, human rights and the right to self-determination. Show less
De fiscale beleidsvrijheid van EU-landen is de afgelopen jaren flink ingeperkt en met dit onderzoek wordt duidelijk gemaakt hoe moet worden beoordeeld of de wetgever binnen de grenzen van het EU... Show moreDe fiscale beleidsvrijheid van EU-landen is de afgelopen jaren flink ingeperkt en met dit onderzoek wordt duidelijk gemaakt hoe moet worden beoordeeld of de wetgever binnen de grenzen van het EU-recht is gebleven. Daarnaast wordt onderzocht in hoeverre de soms forse kritiek op het Europese Hof terecht is. De conclusie is dat deze kritiek niet geheel terecht lijkt. Het onderzoek heeft geresulteerd in een toetsingsmodel aan de hand waarvan kan worden beoordeeld hoe de tegengestelde uitgangspunten van nationale fiscale soevereiniteit en het Europese vrije verkeer met elkaar moeten worden verzoend. Aangezien onverkorte uitvoering van één van beide beginselen zou leiden tot de non-existentie van het andere beginsel, moet het conflict tussen beide beginselen worden opgelost in een optimaliseringsproces. Waar ligt het punt waar beide beginselen zoveel mogelijk tot hun recht komen? Het model maakt het mogelijk op meer gefundeerde en gestructureerde wijze kritiek op het Hof te leveren. Bovendien kunnen fiscale beleidsmakers beter inschatten in hoeverre nieuw fiscaal beleid de Europese toets zal kunnen doorstaan Show less
In recent years the international community has paid closer attention to the phenomenon of child-headed households; these are households where a child has taken over the majority of... Show moreIn recent years the international community has paid closer attention to the phenomenon of child-headed households; these are households where a child has taken over the majority of responsibilities of the main caregiver. The primary factors leading to this situation are HIV/AIDS, poverty, conflict and the disintegration of the traditional extended family network. Although children who are deprived of adequate parental care have the right to alternative care, millions of children – including those living in child-headed households – have no recourse to this fundamental right. This study presents an overview of alternative care as well as the factual situation of child-headed households in a selected group of focus countries in sub-Saharan Africa and further provides recommendations aimed at both legal and policymaking issues relating to the existing alternative care systems. This research seeks answers to the question: “What does the internationally recognised right to alternative care for children entail and is the recognition of child-headed households as a form of alternative care in line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international standards which have been adopted as a measure to protect the inherent rights of children to protection, development, survival and participation?” Show less
