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The relationship between LGBT inclusion and economic development: macro-level evidence
Badgett, M.V.L.; Waaldijk, K.; Meulen Rodgers, Y. van der 2019
The relationship between LGBT inclusion and economic development: macro-level evidence
Article / Letter to editor
open access
This study analyzes the relationship between social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and economic development. It uses legal and economic data for 132 countries... Show moreThis study analyzes the relationship between social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and economic development. It uses legal and economic data for 132 countries from 1966 to 2011. Previous studies and reports provide substantial evidence that LGBT people are limited in their human rights in ways that also create economic harms, such as lost labor time, lost productivity, underinvestment in human capital, and the inefficient allocation of human resources. This analysis uses a fixed effects regression approach and a newly-created dataset – Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO) – to assess how these detriments are related to the macroeconomy. Our study finds that an additional point on the 8-point GILRHO scale of legal rights for LGB persons is associated with an increase in real GDP per capita of approximately $2000. A series of robustness checks confirm that this index continues to have a positive and statistically significant association with real GDP per capita after controlling for gender equality. In combination with the qualitative evidence from previous studies and reports, our quantitative results suggest that LGBT inclusion and economic development are mutually reinforcing. Also, a back-of-the-envelope estimate suggests that about 6% to 22% of the finding could reflect the costs to GDP of health and labor market stigmatization of LGB people. Results from this study can help to better understand how the fuller enjoyment of human rights by LGBT people can contribute to a country’s economic development.The dataset used for this article, including the 1966-2011 data of the Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO) for 132 countries, is available in Appendix A to this article (under “Download Spreadsheet”). Show less
Does democracy help Africa? : an inquiry into multiparty democracy, political settlement, and economic development in Africa
Koper, Martin 2018
Does democracy help Africa? : an inquiry into multiparty democracy, political settlement, and economic development in Africa
Book (monograph)
open access
Western donor countries consider a proper functioning multiparty democracy as one of the most import conditions for achieving more legitimate governance and subsequently economic development and... Show moreWestern donor countries consider a proper functioning multiparty democracy as one of the most import conditions for achieving more legitimate governance and subsequently economic development and reduction of poverty in their partner countries. Support to free and fair elections is an integral part of the ‘good governance’ agenda of the traditional donor community. On the basis of the findings of this study, it appears however that it is not so much the acceptance of Western type political institutions or compliance with generally endorsed liberal-democratic standards that determine the possibilities for developing countries to achieve economic transformation and substantial poverty reduction, but rather the nature of the political settlement among the political elites. Show less
Entrepreneurship in Africa
Akinyoade, A.; Dietz, A.J.; Uche, C.U. 2017
Entrepreneurship in Africa
Book editorial
open access
Historically, entrepreneurs have always played a central role in the development of nation states. Aside from rentier states, which depend extensively on the availability of mineral resource rents,... Show moreHistorically, entrepreneurs have always played a central role in the development of nation states. Aside from rentier states, which depend extensively on the availability of mineral resource rents, most economically prosperous nations in the world have strong, innovative and competitive business enterprises and entrepreneurs as the bedrock of their economic development and prosperity. It was arguably because of the above historical fact that the World Bank in 1989 declared that entrepreneurs will play a central role in transforming African economies. This collective volume deals with theory, structure and practice of entrepreneurship in diverse African countries, including Angola, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Contributions: Introduction (Akinyinka Akinyoade, Ton Dietz and Chibuike Uche). Part 1: Examination of related theories and innovations. Methodological challenges of entrepreneurship research in the least developed East African Countries (Emiel L. Eijdenberg); Africapitalism: a management idea for business in Africa? (Kenneth Amaeshi and Uwafiokun Idemudia); Inclusive business in Africa: priorities, strategies and challenges (Addisu A. Lashitew and Rob van Tulder); Innovation as a key to success? Case studies of innovative start-ups in Kenya and Nigeria (Miguel Heilbron, André Leliveld and Peter Knorringa); Innovation in manufacturing SMEs in Kenya, Ghana and Tanzania: a grounded view on the research and policy issues (Jaap Voeten). Part 2: Entrepreneurship development, country studies. An institutional analysis of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria (Abel Ezeoha and Afam Ituma); Entrepreneurship development in Africa: insights from Nigeria's and Zimbabwe's telecoms (Nnamdi O. Madichie, Knowledge Mpofu and Jerry Kolo); The development of entrepreneurship in Sudan (Yagoub Ali Gangi and Hesham E. Mohammed); Challenges to entrepreneurship development in Tanzania (Nsubili Isaga and Albogast Musabila); Institutional and contextual factors effects on entrepreneurship in Cameroon: the case of the transport sector (Françoise Okah-Efogo and Crescence Marie-France Okah-Atenga). Part 3: Entrepreneurship and sectoral considerations or determinants. Dangote cement: the challenges of pan-African expansion (Akinyinka Akinyoade and Chibuike Uche); Culture as a facilitator and a barrier to entrepreneurship development in Uganda (Jane N.O. Khayesi, Arthur Sserwanga and Rebecca Kiconco); African women large-scale entrepreneurs: cases from Angola, Nigeria and Ghana (Miriam Siun, Akinyinka Akinyoade and Ewurabena Quaye); Financial barriers and how to overcome them: the case of women entrepreneurs in Tanzania (Marta Lindvert); Gentlemanly capitalism and entrepreneurial management: formation and rise of Nigeria's Guaranty Trust Bank, 19902002 (Ayodeji Olukoju); Indigenous banking enterprises: the rise of Nigerian multinational banks (Chibuike Uche). [ASC Leiden abstract] Show less
Van strafbaar tot huwbaar: homorecht wereldwijd (presentatie op Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, Den Haag)
Waaldijk, C. 2015
Van strafbaar tot huwbaar: homorecht wereldwijd (presentatie op Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, Den Haag)
Event
open access
Met de door hem ontwikkelde Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO) geeft Kees Waaldijk op een schaal van nul tot acht aan, hoe ver een land is met het uit het... Show moreMet de door hem ontwikkelde Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO) geeft Kees Waaldijk op een schaal van nul tot acht aan, hoe ver een land is met het uit het strafrecht halen van homoseksualiteit, met het verbieden van homodiscriminatie en met het erkennen van gelijkgeslachtelijke stellen. Elk land kan in totaal acht punten krijgen voor belangrijke juridische stappen inzake homoseksuele gerichtheid: decriminalisering, gelijke leeftijdsgrenzen in het strafrecht, verbod van discriminatie in de arbeid, verbod van discriminatie bij goederen en diensten, erkenning van ongehuwd samenwonen, invoering van geregistreerd partnerschap, openstelling van adoptie, en openstelling van het huwelijk. Indien een bepaalde stap slechts in een deel van een land is gezet, levert dat een halve punt op in GILRHO. Deze index is nog in ontwikkeling, maar de voorlopige waarden voor de meeste landen van de wereld van 1961 tot 2015 kunnen al vergeleken worden met andere indicatoren (zoals Gross Domestic Product per capita, of uitkomsten van de World Values Survey met betrekking tot homoseksualiteit). Dat wordt zichtbaar gemaakt in de moving bubble chart die Kees Waaldijk ontwikkeld heeft in samenwerking met Derk Geene MSc, Jingshu ZhuLLM en het Centre for Innovations van Universiteit Leiden. Zie de screen-shots in de online hand-out bij deze lezing, en zie ook het persbericht over deze lezing op www.law.leidenuniv.nl/nieuws/waaldijk-presenteert-global-index.html. De samenhang tussen GILRHO enerzijds en economische ontwikkeling anderzijds is sterk. Wisselwerking lijkt waarschijnlijk. Dat geldt ook voor de relatie tussen GILRHO en maatschappelijke opvattingen over homoseksualiteit en homoseksuelen. De spreker heeft de opzet van GILRHO, plus de GILRHO data voor 39 landen over alle jaren van sinds 1980, eerder uitgebreid gepresenteerd in een rapport dat hij samen met Lee M.V. Badgett et al. schreef: The Relationship between LGBT Inclusion and Economic Development: An Analysis of Emerging Economies, Los Angeles & Washington DC: The Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law & US Agency for International Development, 2014. Show less
The Relationship between LGBT Inclusion and Economic Development: An Analysis of Emerging Economies
Badgett, M.V.L.; Nezhad, S.; Waaldijk, C.; Meulen Rodgers, Y. van der 2014
The Relationship between LGBT Inclusion and Economic Development: An Analysis of Emerging Economies
External research report
open access
Greater inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in emerging economies is positively associated with a country’s economic development, according to this study. The... Show more

Greater inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in emerging economies is positively associated with a country’s economic development, according to this study. The findings suggest that LGBT equality should be part of economic development programs and policies. The study analyzes the impact of the treatment of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people on economic development in 39 emerging economies and other selected countries, and presents findings that demonstrate a link between LGBT rights and economic output. The study uses, for the first time, the Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO, created by Dutch law professor Kees Waaldijk) which establishes eight categories of legal recognition and protection for lesbians and gay men. The study also uses a provisional index on transgender rights.The study (online at www.usaid.gov and at williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu) finds:

  • A positive correlation between per capita GDP and legal rights for LGB and transgender people across countries. Using a regression model to account for other factors that influence development, the relationship remains strong. One additional right in the GILRHO is associated with approximately $320 in GDP per capita, or about 3 percent of the average GDP per capita in the sample countries. An increase in GILRHO is also associated with a higher human development index (HDI) value.
  • A steady increase in the level of rights of lesbians and gay men in emerging economies. On average, the countries in the study recognized one right relating to sexual orientation in 1990. By 2011, that number increased to over three rights according to the GILRHO.

The researchers also found substantial evidence in many countries that discrimination and violence against LGBT people create economic harms for individuals that also affect a country’s economic performance.

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Dilemmas of development: conflicts of interest and their resolutions in modernizing Africa
Abbink, G.J.; Dokkum, A. van 2008
Dilemmas of development: conflicts of interest and their resolutions in modernizing Africa
Book (monograph)
open access
This book presents new empirically based and theoretically informed studies on the contemporary social and economic dynamics of Africa, dealing with developments in the arenas of politics,... Show moreThis book presents new empirically based and theoretically informed studies on the contemporary social and economic dynamics of Africa, dealing with developments in the arenas of politics, economics and cultural struggle. These domains are closely interlinked. In their widest definition, culture and politics intermingle and recombine in surprising and sometimes disturbing ways. They always have a definite economic logic as well, informing value commitments and behaviour in the broader sense. Politics and economic life in Africa have, perhaps more visibly than elsewhere, influential and cultural aspects and referents, such as religion and ethnicity, which often play a constitutive role. 'Culture' and its symbolism are used instrumentally in the political, economic and social struggles in today's Africa, marked by a preoccupation with 'development'. The studies in this book underline the interplay of new hegemomic struggles of a material but also ideological nature. Show less
Export diversification in Uganda: developments in non-traditional agricultural exports
Dijkstra, T. 2001
Export diversification in Uganda: developments in non-traditional agricultural exports
Research paper
open access
Over the last two decades agricultural export diversification has been pushed as an economic development strategy for sub-Saharan Africa. This paper looks at Uganda, where nontraditional... Show moreOver the last two decades agricultural export diversification has been pushed as an economic development strategy for sub-Saharan Africa. This paper looks at Uganda, where nontraditional agricultural export commodities have been (re)-introduced since Museveni came to power in 1986. The most important ones are flowers, fresh and frozen fish, fresh fruit and vegetables, hides and skins, vanilla, sesame seed, and maize and beans. The paper considers the success of these commodities and summarizes the findings by evaluating the objectives of the Ugandan government with regard to the diversification of the country's agricultural exports. Show less
New configurations of Ethiopian ethnicity: the challenge of the South
Abbink, G.J. 1998
New configurations of Ethiopian ethnicity: the challenge of the South
Article / Letter to editor
open access
In 1994, Ethiopia became a federal democratic republic composed of nine regional states, which bear the name of their majority ethnic group, except Gambela and the Southern Region. This paper... Show moreIn 1994, Ethiopia became a federal democratic republic composed of nine regional states, which bear the name of their majority ethnic group, except Gambela and the Southern Region. This paper discusses some issues of ethnicity and the "national project" in Ethiopia in relation to the Southern Regional State, officially the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS), which has a population of 11 million, or some 17 percent of the total Ethiopian population. The Southern Region, known for its notable ethnolinguistic diversity, is a double challenge: to the Ethiopian federation, because of this diversity and the lack of a dominant ethnic majority; and to the development of the region itself, in search of a coalition of ethnic elites that will manage policy and administration, and an appropriate role of ethnic identity. The paper sketches the history and ethnocultural diversity of the "South"; its economic and political role within the Federation; changing politics of identity resulting in patterns of cooperation and conflict; and the role of ethnicity as political construct and sociocultural identity. The South is a region vital to the redefinition and survival of the Ethiopian federation and of Ethiopian nationhood. There is a need in this multi-ethnic region to sustain commonalities bridging differences and to define common issues and interests of efficient governance and economic development. There are new opportunities for the Southern people. The price of the heightened organizational significance of ethnicity is the increased volatility and conflict potential of ethnic group consciousness.  Show less
Ethiopian society and history: a bibliography of Ethiopian studies 1957-1990
Abbink, G.J. 1990
Ethiopian society and history: a bibliography of Ethiopian studies 1957-1990
Book (monograph)
open access
Comprehensive overview of publications on Ethiopia published between c. 1957 up to 1990. The 5433 entries are arranged according to the following broad subject areas: Bibliographies - History of... Show moreComprehensive overview of publications on Ethiopia published between c. 1957 up to 1990. The 5433 entries are arranged according to the following broad subject areas: Bibliographies - History of Ethiopianist studies - Studies on manuscripts, documents, archives and library resources - Travellers and foreigners - History - Cultural geography and demography - Politics and law before 1974 - Politics, law and revolutionary development after 1974 - Peasantry and the rural sector before 1974 - Peasantry and the rural sector after 1974 - The urban sector - Modernization, communications, industry and economic development - Social structure and social change - Drought and famine; refugees and resettlement - International relations - Ethnoregional conflicts - Education - Health and health care - Ethnomedicine, traditional healing, disease history - Folklore, magic, oral traditions - Music - Material culture, architecture, arts and crafts - Christian and hagiographical literature - Religion and missions - Ethnography and ethnology. An author index is included Show less
The effects of import-substitution: the case of Kenya's manufacturing sector
Meilink, H.A. 1982
The effects of import-substitution: the case of Kenya's manufacturing sector
Research paper
open access
This paper attempts to assess to what extent the growth of the manufacturing sector in Kenya has contributed to a process of integrated and widespread economic development. The first section... Show moreThis paper attempts to assess to what extent the growth of the manufacturing sector in Kenya has contributed to a process of integrated and widespread economic development. The first section reviews the general arguments of development theory to promote industrial development in Third World countries. The second section deals with the pros and cons of the 'import-substitution' policy, which was adopted to speed up the growth of the manufacturing sector. The last section brings together relevant research findings concerning the effects of this policy on the structure of the manufacturing sector, employment creation, income distribution and the operations of multinational firms in Kenya. The conclusion is that the type of industrialisation that has occured has not led to 'a structural transformation' of the Kenyan economy. Import-substitution has not lessened Kenya's external dependency, but has merely changed its nature Show less
Some economic interpretations of migration
Meilink, H.A. 1978
Some economic interpretations of migration
Article / Letter to editor
open access
Economists have long neglected changes in labour use in the different sectors. They were primarily interested in the 'most growth inducing production factors' of which capital formation was... Show moreEconomists have long neglected changes in labour use in the different sectors. They were primarily interested in the 'most growth inducing production factors' of which capital formation was thought to be the most effective. However, the record of groving urban unemployment and growing imbalances in ruralurban income and job opportunities has forced economists to reconsider their rigid adjustment models of efficient allocation of the production factors between sectors leading to, in the end, equal seetoral marginal productivities. This paper provides a description of the changes in the approach and the interpretation of labour transfers between sectors and regions (which is in fact what labour migration is about) in economic development theory. Furthermore the A. determines whether these academic studies have led to a more effective migration policy as pursued by the governments of the underdeveloped countries. Show less