Deze studie beschrijft een politiek-historisch proces en vormt een bijdrage aan de systematische studie van internationale territoriale conflicten vanuit het gezichtspunt van de politieke... Show moreDeze studie beschrijft een politiek-historisch proces en vormt een bijdrage aan de systematische studie van internationale territoriale conflicten vanuit het gezichtspunt van de politieke geografie. Tevens worden aspecten van het Europese imperialisme van de late 19e eeuw nader verklaard. De conflicten tussen Frankrijk en de Association Internationale du Congo (AIC) en tussen Portugal en de AIC over de opdeling van Centraal-Afrika, een proces dat plaatsvond in de periode 1875-1885, dienen als voorbeelden. Het boek bestaat uit drie delen. In deel 1 komen de theoretische en methodologische aspecten aan de orde. Deel 2 bestaat uit de case-study. Hoofdstuk 3 behelst de beleidsbepaling. De hoofdstukken 4, 5 en 6 behandelen de beleidsuitvoering van de factoren die rechtstreeks bij de territoriale conflicten betrokken waren: Leopold II, Frankrijk en Portugal. In hoofdstuk 7 staat de conflictoplossing centraal. Deel 3 bestaat uit ‚‚n hoofdstuk. Eerst wordt nagegaan in hoeverre de theorie‰n van toepassing zijn op dit onderdeel van de opdeling van Afrika. De conclusie is dat ze meer zeggen over de afloop van dit stukje opdelingsgeschiedenis dan over het ontstaan ervan. Die afloop betreft het gehele proces van de opdeling van Centraal-Afrika, en wordt geanalyseerd met behulp van de begrippen en modellen uit hoofdstuk 2. Show less
Two-thirds of the area of Nyandarua (Central Province, Kenya) is suited for horticulture and the district's farmers have developed a flourishing horticultural industry. In 1990, a farm survey was... Show moreTwo-thirds of the area of Nyandarua (Central Province, Kenya) is suited for horticulture and the district's farmers have developed a flourishing horticultural industry. In 1990, a farm survey was carried out among 240 rural households in eight sublocations to study the production of vegetables, fruits and cut-flowers. Almost all households studied grew vegetables, with over 90 percent of them selling part of the harvest in 1990. The vegetables on average accounted for about half of household net income and cash revenues. Potatoes are by far the most important vegetable. The most common fruits are plums and pears. For the moment, the most important problem faced by the farmers is the increasing costs of inputs. Farmers also have to cope with unpassable roads after heavy rains, which leaves them with unsold produce. Conditions for a successful future of horticultural production in Nyandarua include improvement of infrastructure, market-oriented production and diversification by farmers. Show less
Leiden [etc.] : African Studies Centre [etc.] (FNSP report, no. 42), p. 46, 1992. This is a research outline for a study aimed at finding out the effect of climatic seasonality on food consumption... Show moreLeiden [etc.] : African Studies Centre [etc.] (FNSP report, no. 42), p. 46, 1992. This is a research outline for a study aimed at finding out the effect of climatic seasonality on food consumption patterns and the nutritional status of the vulnerable members of smallholder rural households in Nakuru District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya, with special attention being paid to children between 18 and 36 months, lactating mothers, and elderly persons who are above 60 years. For the farming communities in Nakuru, the period of lowest food stocks is the lean season, when the food from the previous harvest is nearly depleted. This period also corresponds with the period of heavy physical work. This may lead to a loss of weight of household members, especially women and children. The study will be carried out between January 1992 and May 1993 and will involve the regular measurement of food consumption by individuals and by the whole household. This will be done by using the 24-hour recall method on a monthly basis, three-day weighed records as well as the three-day household record method. Other monthly measurements will include anthropometry, and the assessment of health and activity patterns. A copy of the full data collection schedule is attached at the end of the report. Show less
The objective of this study is to determine to what extent the land law reform which was implemented in Cameroon in 1974 caused dislocations of local norms, and to what extent it gave the State... Show moreThe objective of this study is to determine to what extent the land law reform which was implemented in Cameroon in 1974 caused dislocations of local norms, and to what extent it gave the State better control and management of land. More specifically, the author's aim is to examine how different categories of people reacted to the land reforms, and how the new laws have affected other normative and value systems that governed land tenure before the reform. The study focuses on North-West Province (NWP), but a comparison is made with South-West Province (SWP). After a survey of the evolution of land law reforms in Cameroon, the author deals with land use practices in NWP, the responses of different groups to the 1974 land reform, situations of legal pluralism, the role of the State elite in land tenure reforms, the responses of businessmen, the traditional elite, women and peasants, and land registration trends in SWP as compared with those in NWP. In conclusion, the author assesses the value of such theoretical concepts as 'legal pluralism' and 'semi-autonomous social fields' for the subject studied Show less
Dans cette étude l'auteur analyse les problèmes liés à l'application du droit foncier dans la ville de Ziguinchor, capitale de la région méridionale du Sénégal. Le titre de cet ouvrage évoque les... Show moreDans cette étude l'auteur analyse les problèmes liés à l'application du droit foncier dans la ville de Ziguinchor, capitale de la région méridionale du Sénégal. Le titre de cet ouvrage évoque les pratiques foncières de tous les acteurs: l'État (composé de différents groupes, tendances, fractions) et les populations (également composées de groupes occupant des positions sociales diverses). Il suggère un certain rapport de subordination entre les pratiques foncières (au sens sociologique) et le droit foncier officiel. Même si la loi n'est pas toujours appliquée dans toute sa rigueur, elle est dans une certaine mesure `efficace', parce qu'elle permet aux acteurs d'anticiper à l'égard de la règle en l'ajustant aux circonstances du moment. Les pratiques foncières sont ainsi `à l'ombre', c'est-à-dire `tout près de' la loi qui, malgré tout, peut constituer un rempart pour les populations contre les abus de pouvoir de l'État Show less
This report is the first in a series dealing with food supply and nutrition among labourers on large farms in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya. It examines two important aspects of the labourers' food... Show moreThis report is the first in a series dealing with food supply and nutrition among labourers on large farms in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya. It examines two important aspects of the labourers' food and nutritional situation, i.e. the incomes they earn from their labour on the large farms and the extra provisions they enjoy. Data presented in the report were obtained during a survey of a stratified sample of 46 large farms in the district which was carried out in 1989 and which focused on the labour conditions on large farms. Questions were asked about the number of labourers, the wages the farm owners paid them, and the provisions they received, such as housing, sanitary facilities, medical services, a piece of land. Three categories of labourers were distinguished: permanent labourers, casual labourers, and resident casuals. The study shows that labour in Trans Nzoia was used in an exploitative manner by quite a number of employers. On average, the wages for both permanent and casual labourers were below the legal minimum. The labourers were also in a bad position legally. Although many casual labourers worked on a very regular basis on one and the same farm, it was difficult for them to obtain the status of permanent labourer. Moreover, the labourers living on the farms (the permanent labourers and the resident casuals) were faced with restrictions on land use and work outside the farms Show less
This is the final report in a series of four regarding household resources and nutrition of farm labourers in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya. In the first three reports the findings of three surveys,... Show moreThis is the final report in a series of four regarding household resources and nutrition of farm labourers in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya. In the first three reports the findings of three surveys, carried out in 1989, were presented and discussed (Labour conditions on large farms in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya, by D. Foeken and L. Verstrate; Household resources and nutrition of labourers on large farms in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya, by D. Foeken and N. Tellegen; and Income generation of farm labourers in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya: rural employment and social networks, by N. Tellegen, L. Verstrate and D. Foeken). The present report offers summaries of each of the studies (Chapters 2, 3 and 4, repectively). The final chapter gives an overview of the main findings as well as policy recommendations formulated during a dissemination seminar held in Kitale in November 1992 Show less
This thesis gives an overview of the Maasai livestock economy as it has developed between 1890 and 1990. Particularly, it analyses the processes and policies of land use and landownership of the... Show moreThis thesis gives an overview of the Maasai livestock economy as it has developed between 1890 and 1990. Particularly, it analyses the processes and policies of land use and landownership of the Maasai pastoral areas in Kajiado district, Kenya, from the arrival of the Europeans until the recent massive individualization of land tenure. The loss of grazing pastures due to increased cultivation, the establishment of game parks and mineral exploitation is said to undermine the livestock economy of Maasai pastoralists in Kajiado district. Furthermore, the recent subdivision of group ranches into too small individual holdings, it is feared, will result in the selling of land to outsiders. This study examines the outcome of this process as well as the Maasai response of economic intensification and diversification, including increasing the productivity of the herd, cultivation, wage employment, outmigration, etc. Fieldwork for the study was carried out in 1988-1989. Show less
This paper describes the burial ceremony of the Surma-speaking Me'en of southwest Ethiopia as a collective ritual pervaded by cattle symbolism. The author discerns four basic elements in the... Show moreThis paper describes the burial ceremony of the Surma-speaking Me'en of southwest Ethiopia as a collective ritual pervaded by cattle symbolism. The author discerns four basic elements in the ritual: cattle are the prime ritual medium because they are the epitome of Me'en sociocultural ideals and social personhood; the fertility and well-being of the family and wider lineage groups is a dominant concern underlying a proper performance of the burial; communication with and appeasement of the lineage spirit as well as the 'soul' of the deceased is indispensable to avert misfortune for the descendants; acting out and reaffirming the underlying social, ritual and economic links with the family's affines is an implicit motive of the burial ceremony. In this sense, one might see the burial ritual in terms of a socially motivated strategy to avert strain between individuals and groups. The study is based on fieldwork carried out in the K„fa region in 1989-1990. Bibliogr., notes, sum. in French and Italian Show less
This report, the second in a series of three dealing with food supply and nutrition among labourers on large farms in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya, examines the living conditions, household... Show moreThis report, the second in a series of three dealing with food supply and nutrition among labourers on large farms in Trans Nzoia District, Kenya, examines the living conditions, household resources, food consumption and nutritional situation in the labourers' households. The data were collected in June and July 1989 among some 300 households. Three types of labourers' households are distinguished, i.e. permanent labourers living on the large farms, casual labourers living on the farms ('resident casuals'), and casual labourers living outside the farms ('nonresident casuals'). For comparison a group of households was included in which nobody had performed any casual labour on a large farm during the year prior to the survey ('nonlabourers'). The results show that the households on the large farms have very little land at their disposal. In this respect, the situation of the nonresident casuals and in particular that of the nonlabourers is better. The households outside the farms are by far the wealthiest group. The average energy intake in the three groups of labourers' households is almost the same and 700 kcal lower than the estimated energy requirements. The nutritional condition of the children in the three groups of labourers' households is not very good. The study reveals that of the four study groups, the resident casuals can be considered the most vulnerable Show less
