De laatste jaren is een grote interesse ontstaan voor verplichtingen die voortkomen uit de Wet ter voorkoming van witwassen en financieren van terrorisme (Wwft). Dit komt onder andere door de... Show moreDe laatste jaren is een grote interesse ontstaan voor verplichtingen die voortkomen uit de Wet ter voorkoming van witwassen en financieren van terrorisme (Wwft). Dit komt onder andere door de toenemende eisen die de wetgever op grond van de Wwft stelt aan de poortwachtersfunctie van allerlei organisaties, zoals banken en accountants. Daarnaast is de Wwft een speerpunt van diverse autoriteiten geworden, en is het Openbaar Ministerie (OM) tot aanzienlijke schikkingen voor Wwft-overtredingen gekomen. Veel instellingen hebben in de afgelopen jaren dan ook fors geïnvesteerd om aan de toenemende eisen op het gebied van know your customer (KYC) te voldoen. Dit roept de vraag op of KYC-werkzaamheden kunnen worden uitbesteed aan gespecialiseerde dienstverleners die dit werk mogelijk beter en kostenefficiënter kunnen uitvoeren. Mocht een instelling besluiten om tot uitbesteding over te gaan, dan moet dit zorgvuldig gebeuren. De Wwft kent hiertoe regels en verschillende autoriteiten bieden enkele handvatten. In de praktijk laat de handzaamheid hiervan echter niet zelden te wensen over. In deze bijdrage gaan wij in op het uitbestedingsregime onder de Wwft en kijken wij naar de veranderingen die op dit gebied op komst lijken te zijn. Show less
Fechner, E.A.E.; Nagtegaal, M.H.; Schuyt, P.M.; Wolf, M.J.F. van der 2022
This paper aims to advance theory and knowledge about prison visitation by organizing prior studies within a framework of visitation enablers and barriers and examining how practical, relational,... Show moreThis paper aims to advance theory and knowledge about prison visitation by organizing prior studies within a framework of visitation enablers and barriers and examining how practical, relational, and experiential factors explain variation in prison visiting among 773 adult males across eight Dutch prisons. Findings suggest that all three domains play out at once to influence visitation. Whether visitors come to visit seems to depend on their relationship with the incarcerated individual, whereas traveling distance is more predictive of how often they visit. Policies that introduce practical barriers can differentially affect visits from specific relationships. Finally, results indicate that incarcerated individuals make decisions about visits based on their in-prison experiences. Policy and research implications are discussed. Show less
According to Chiao in his contribution to this book, the desirability of the use of AI in sentencing should be evaluated by comparing computers to the status quo ante, rather than to an unrealistic... Show moreAccording to Chiao in his contribution to this book, the desirability of the use of AI in sentencing should be evaluated by comparing computers to the status quo ante, rather than to an unrealistic, and in any case unrealized, ideal. Although we agree that changes to the legal process such as adopting algorithmic sentencing methods can be beneficial when the change is an incremental improvement over the status quo, in order to assess whether the change is an improvement, we need to know what this “ideal” is toward which improvements are aimed. Therefore, the question whether AI is better at making sentencing decisions than human judges is approached differently in this chapter. We compare human with AI judges by evaluating the extent to which they are able to make a legitimate sentencing decision: Is legitimacy better achieved by machine than by human judges? Show less
In the Netherlands, in approximately 30% of the more serious criminal cases, a pretrial forensic mental health report (FMHR) is requested to inform the court whether a mental disorder was present... Show moreIn the Netherlands, in approximately 30% of the more serious criminal cases, a pretrial forensic mental health report (FMHR) is requested to inform the court whether a mental disorder was present at the time of alleged crime, whether this disorder affected behavior and decision-making at the time of the offense and how this disorder may affect future (criminal) behavior. While informative for sentencing decisions, information about mental disorders or risk is irrelevant for the question whether the defendant committed the alleged crime. Yet based on cognitive psychological theory of evidence evaluation and integration, we hypothesized that information in an FMHR would affect the evaluation of evidence as well as the ultimate decision about guilt. Using an experimental vignette study among 200 law and criminology students with manipulation of the presence and content of an FMHR, we found a main effect of the presence of an FMHR report on decisions about guilt. The proportion of guilty verdicts increased with almost 20% when an FMHR was present compared to when this report was absent, irrespective of the type of disorder (schizophrenia or personality disorder) or level of recidivism risk (low or high) present in the report. We did not find support for our hypothesis that this effect could be explained by assimilation of other available evidence. Implications for further research and practice are discussed. Show less
