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Mijnders, L.S.P.; Steup, F.W.R.; Lindhout, M.; Kleij, P.A. van der; Brink, W.M.; Molen, A.J. van der (2020)

Optimal sequences and sequence parameters for GBCA-enhanced MRI of the glymphatic system: a systematic literature review

Article / Letter to editor
Background The glymphatic system (GS) is a recently discovered waste clearance system in the brain. Purpose To evaluate the most promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence(s) and the most optimal sequence parameters for glymphatic MRI (gMRI) 4-24 h after administration of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA). Material and Methods Multiple literature databases were systematically searched for articles regarding gMRI or MRI of the perilymph in the inner ear until 11 May 2020. All relevant MRI sequence parameters were tabulated for qualitative analysis. Their potential was assessed based on detection of low dose GBCA, primarily measured as signal intensity (SI) ratio. Results Thirty articles were included in the analysis. Three-dimensional fluid attenuated inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR), 3D Real Inversion Recovery (3D-Real IR), and multiple 3D T1-weighted gradient echo sequences were used. In perilymph, 3D-FLAIR with a TE of at least 400 ms yielded the highest SIRs. In the...Show moreBackground The glymphatic system (GS) is a recently discovered waste clearance system in the brain. Purpose To evaluate the most promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence(s) and the most optimal sequence parameters for glymphatic MRI (gMRI) 4-24 h after administration of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA). Material and Methods Multiple literature databases were systematically searched for articles regarding gMRI or MRI of the perilymph in the inner ear until 11 May 2020. All relevant MRI sequence parameters were tabulated for qualitative analysis. Their potential was assessed based on detection of low dose GBCA, primarily measured as signal intensity (SI) ratio. Results Thirty articles were included in the analysis. Three-dimensional fluid attenuated inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR), 3D Real Inversion Recovery (3D-Real IR), and multiple 3D T1-weighted gradient echo sequences were used. In perilymph, 3D-FLAIR with a TE of at least 400 ms yielded the highest SIRs. In the qualitative analysis of inner ear studies using 3D-FLAIR, TR was in the range of 4400-10,000 ms, TI 1500-2600 ms, refocusing flip angle (rFA) (range 120 degrees-180 degrees), and echo train length (ETL) 23-173. In the gMRI studies, quantitative analysis was not possible. In the qualitative analysis, 3D-FLAIR was used in the majority (8/12) of the studies, usually with TR 4800-9000 ms, TI 1650-2500 ms, TE 311-561 ms, rFA 90 degrees-120 degrees, and ETL 167-278. Conclusion Long TE 3D-FLAIR is the most promising sequence for detection of low-dose GBCA in the GS. Clinical and/or phantom studies on other MRI parameters are needed for further optimization of gMRI.Show less
Glymphatic system
magnetic resonance imaging
gadolinium
cerebrospinal fluid
systematic review
All authors
Mijnders, L.S.P.; Steup, F.W.R.; Lindhout, M.; Kleij, P.A. van der; Brink, W.M.; Molen, A.J. van der
Date
2020-11-05
Journal
Acta Radiologica
Volume
62
Issue
10
Pages
1324 - 1332
DOI
doi:10.1177/0284185120969950