This systematic review examined the evidence on factors influencing the flow of homicide, from suspicious death to imprisonment. Bibliographic databases and thesis portals were searched. The total... Show moreThis systematic review examined the evidence on factors influencing the flow of homicide, from suspicious death to imprisonment. Bibliographic databases and thesis portals were searched. The total number of hits was 15,986, of which 15,830 were irrelevant, 35 did not include a quantitative sample, 26 did not focus on homicide, 18 did not present flow data, and for seven there was no full text available. The remaining 70 papers were analyzed. With the exception of one, no study presented a complete longitudinal flow. Results indicated that both legal and extralegal characteristics influence the likelihood of cases to drop out. Aside from a first mapping of homicide case flows, future research should explore false positives and false negatives, to come to a first understanding of funnel selectivity in homicide cases. Show less
The electrochemical chlorine evolution reaction (CER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) represent core processes in the production of chlorine, relevant to bulk chemical manufacturing, and water... Show moreThe electrochemical chlorine evolution reaction (CER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) represent core processes in the production of chlorine, relevant to bulk chemical manufacturing, and water splitting, the most promising technology for renewable energy storage. Unfortunately, because of an apparent coupling between their key binding intermediates, the two reactions can easily occur simultaneously, which is never an attractive outcome. In this work, using a series of iridium-based double perovskites and rotating ring-disk voltammetry to deconvolute parallel OER and CER currents, we explored the interdependence of CER and OER in dilute acidic chloride solutions of up to 120 mM, where both reactions may occur in parallel with similar current densities. We also employed online inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements to probe the material stability and its dependence on chloride concentration. For all studied materials, we found a strong linear correlation between CER and OER activity as well as a comparable selectivity, strengthening the suggestion that OER and CER follow a scaling relationship. It was also found that chloride selectively enhances the dissolution of the noble metal component. A reaction order analysis was performed to gain insight into the CER mechanism, the effect of surface area changes due to adventitious leaching, and the observed suppressing effect of chloride on OER. Show less
Kas, R.; Kortlever, R.; Yilmaz, H.; Koper, M.T.M.; Mul, G. 2015
