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Dugré, J.R.; Gao, Y.; Staginnus, M.; Marsh, A.A.; Kypta-Vivanco, A.; Cubillo, A.I.; ... ; ENIGMA Antisocial Behavior Consortium, De Brito SA (2026)

Brain age in conduct disorder: a mega-analysis of the ENIGMA antisocial behavior working group.

Article / Letter to editor
Conduct disorder (CD) is the leading global cause of mental health burden in children and adolescents and has recently been hypothesized to be a neurodevelopmental disorder. Although prior research has identified neuroanatomical differences associated with CD, it remains unclear whether these differences reflect atypical brain development. Here, we investigated the difference between an individual's brain age and chronological age as a proxy for variations in brain maturation. Using a pretrained model, we estimated brain age from structural neuroimaging data obtained from 1,119 youth with CD and 1,183 typically developing controls across 14 international cohorts participating in the ENIGMA-Antisocial Behavior Working Group. Youth with CD exhibited a statistically robust but small acceleration in brain age compared to typically developing youth (around 0.50 years), which was restricted to the adolescence-onset subtype of the disorder. Our large-scale, coordinated analysis provides...Show moreConduct disorder (CD) is the leading global cause of mental health burden in children and adolescents and has recently been hypothesized to be a neurodevelopmental disorder. Although prior research has identified neuroanatomical differences associated with CD, it remains unclear whether these differences reflect atypical brain development. Here, we investigated the difference between an individual's brain age and chronological age as a proxy for variations in brain maturation. Using a pretrained model, we estimated brain age from structural neuroimaging data obtained from 1,119 youth with CD and 1,183 typically developing controls across 14 international cohorts participating in the ENIGMA-Antisocial Behavior Working Group. Youth with CD exhibited a statistically robust but small acceleration in brain age compared to typically developing youth (around 0.50 years), which was restricted to the adolescence-onset subtype of the disorder. Our large-scale, coordinated analysis provides the first evidence of accelerated neurodevelopment as a potential mechanism underlying CD.Show less
All authors
Dugré, J.R.; Gao, Y.; Staginnus, M.; Marsh, A.A.; Kypta-Vivanco, A.; Cubillo, A.I.; Dietrich, A.; Bernhard, A.; Martinelli, A.; Dykstra, A.H.; Smaragdi, A.; Sethi, A.; Bokde, A.L.W.; Franke, B.; Arango, C.; Boateng, C.P.S.; Stadler, C.; Freitag, C.M.; Townsend, C.D.; Monk, C.S.; Hagan, C.C.; Mitchell, C.; Dong, D.; Díaz, D.E.; Brandeis, D.; Murphy, D.; Sukhodolsky, D.G.; Sonuga-Barke, E.J.S.; Cardinale, E.M.; Viding, E.; Kohls, G.; Schumann, G.; Cornwell, H.; Phillips, H.; Westerman, H.B.; Chen, H.; Sagar-Ouriaghli, I.; Rogers, J.C.; Buitelaar, J.K.; Martinot, J.L.; Glennon, J.C.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, J.; Naaijen, J.; Castro-Fornieles, J.; Michalska, K.J.; Gonzalez-Madruga, K.; Ibrahim, K.; Sully, K.; Berluti, K.; Konrad, K.; Lamers, K.; Mycue, L.E.; Passamonti, L.; Hyde, L.W.; Oosterling, M.; Alonso, M.J.P.; Stevens, M.C.; Craig, M.; Rosa-Justicia, M.; Ploe, M.L.; Holz, N.; van der Wee, N.J.A.; Toschi, N.; Jabeen, N.; Raschle, N.M.; Colins, O.F.; Santosh, P.; Aggensteiner, P.M.; Hoekstra, P.J.; Ming, Q.; Wu, Q.; Jackson, R.L.; Ma, R.; Blair, R.J.R.; Vermeiren, R.; Pauli, R.; Roberts, R.; Burt, S.A.; Bajaj, S.; Chester, S.C.; Minosse, S.; Desrivieres, S.; Banaschewski, T.; Schulze, U.M.E.; Chen, X.; Wang, X.; Sun, X.; Jiang, Y.; Jahanshad, N.; Thomopoulos, S.I.; Ching, C.R.K.; Kang, M.J.Y.; Thompson, P.M.; Pine, D.S.; Baskin-Sommers, A.; Cecil, C.A.M.; Aghajani, M.; Fairchild, G.; ENIGMA Antisocial Behavior Consortium, De Brito SA
Date
2026-01-21
Journal
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
DOI
doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700567