The ten virtues of loudly invoking the name of Amitabha: Stein Tibetan 724 and an aspect of Chinese nianfo practice in Tibetan Dunhuang

Abstract

Stein Tibetan 724 was earlier identified as a list of virtues of the Buddha Amitabha. A new reading of the document and identification of its Chinese source allow its re-identification instead as a list of the virtues of invoking the Buddha Amitabha in a loud voice. The article offers a corrected transcription of the manuscript, presents and examines possible sources, and suggests the most plausible proximate original for the Tibetan translation, briefly exploring the practice of loud invocation as a Buddhist practice in medieval Dunhuang.