Recent advances in rare-earth-doped nanoparticles for NIR-II imaging and cancer theranostics
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging in the second near infrared window (NIR-II, 1,000-1,700 nm) has been widely used in cancer diagnosis and treatment due to its high spatial resolution and deep tissue penetration depths. In this work, recent advances in rare-earth-doped nanoparticles (RENPs)-a novel kind of NIR-II nanoprobes-are presented. The main focus of this study is on the modification of RENPs and their applications in NIR-IIin vitroandin vivoimaging and cancer theranostics. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of NIR-II RENPs are discussed.
NIR-IIrare-earth-doped nanoparticlesmodificationin vitroandin vivoimagingcancer theranostics

